source: trunk/sources/HeuristicLab.GP/3.3/TreeGardener.cs @ 3199

#region License Information
/* HeuristicLab
 * Copyright (C) 2002-2008 Heuristic and Evolutionary Algorithms Laboratory (HEAL)
 *
 * This file is part of HeuristicLab.
 *
 * HeuristicLab is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * HeuristicLab is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with HeuristicLab. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */
#endregion

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using HeuristicLab.Core;
using System.Linq;
using System.Collections;
using HeuristicLab.GP.Interfaces;

namespace HeuristicLab.GP {
  public class TreeGardener {
    private IRandom random;
    private FunctionLibrary funLibrary;
    private List<IFunction> functions;

    private List<IFunction> terminals;
    public IList<IFunction> Terminals {
      get { return terminals; }
    }

    private List<IFunction> allFunctions;
    public IList<IFunction> AllFunctions {
      get { return allFunctions; }
    }

    #region constructors
    public TreeGardener(IRandom random, FunctionLibrary funLibrary) {
      this.random = random;
      this.funLibrary = funLibrary;
      this.allFunctions = new List<IFunction>();
      terminals = new List<IFunction>();
      functions = new List<IFunction>();
      // init functions and terminals based on constraints
      foreach (IFunction fun in funLibrary.Functions) {
        if (fun.MaxSubTrees == 0) {
          terminals.Add(fun);
          allFunctions.Add(fun);
        } else {
          functions.Add(fun);
          allFunctions.Add(fun);
        }
      }
    }
    #endregion

    #region random initialization
    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a random balanced tree with a maximal size and height. When the max-height or max-size are 1 it will return a random terminal.
    /// In other cases it will return either a terminal (tree of size 1) or any other tree with a function in it's root (at least height 2).
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="maxTreeSize">Maximal size of the tree (number of nodes).</param>
    /// <param name="maxTreeHeight">Maximal height of the tree.</param>
    /// <returns></returns>
    public IFunctionTree CreateBalancedRandomTree(int maxTreeSize, int maxTreeHeight) {
      IFunction rootFunction = GetRandomRoot(maxTreeSize, maxTreeHeight);
      IFunctionTree tree = MakeBalancedTree(rootFunction, maxTreeHeight - 1);
      return tree;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a random (unbalanced) tree with a maximal size and height. When the max-height or max-size are 1 it will return a random terminal.
    /// In other cases it will return either a terminal (tree of size 1) or any other tree with a function in it's root (at least height 2).
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="maxTreeSize">Maximal size of the tree (number of nodes).</param>
    /// <param name="maxTreeHeight">Maximal height of the tree.</param>
    /// <returns></returns>
    public IFunctionTree CreateUnbalancedRandomTree(int maxTreeSize, int maxTreeHeight) {
      IFunction rootFunction = GetRandomRoot(maxTreeSize, maxTreeHeight);
      IFunctionTree tree = MakeUnbalancedTree(rootFunction, maxTreeHeight - 1);
      return tree;
    }

    public IFunctionTree PTC2(int size, int maxDepth) {
      return PTC2(GetRandomRoot(size, maxDepth), size, maxDepth);
    }

    private IFunctionTree PTC2(IFunction rootFunction, int size, int maxDepth) {
      IFunctionTree root = rootFunction.GetTreeNode();
      if (size <= 1 || maxDepth <= 1) return root;
      List<object[]> list = new List<object[]>();
      int currentSize = 1;
      int totalListMinSize = 0;
      int minArity = root.Function.MinSubTrees;
      int maxArity = root.Function.MaxSubTrees;
      if (maxArity >= size) {
        maxArity = size;
      }
      int actualArity = random.Next(minArity, maxArity + 1);
      totalListMinSize += root.Function.MinTreeSize - 1;
      for (int i = 0; i < actualArity; i++) {
        // insert a dummy sub-tree and add the pending extension to the list
        root.AddSubTree(null);
        list.Add(new object[] { root, i, 2 });
      }
      if (IsRecursiveExpansionPossible(root.Function)) {
        while (list.Count > 0 && totalListMinSize + currentSize < size) {
          int randomIndex = random.Next(list.Count);
          object[] nextExtension = list[randomIndex];
          list.RemoveAt(randomIndex);
          IFunctionTree parent = (IFunctionTree)nextExtension[0];
          int a = (int)nextExtension[1];
          int d = (int)nextExtension[2];
          if (d + parent.Function.MinTreeHeight >= maxDepth) {
            parent.RemoveSubTree(a);
            IFunctionTree branch = CreateRandomTree(GetAllowedSubFunctions(parent.Function, a), 1, 1);
            parent.InsertSubTree(a, branch); // insert a smallest possible tree
            currentSize += branch.GetSize();
            totalListMinSize -= branch.GetSize();
          } else {
            var allowedSubFunctions = from f in GetAllowedSubFunctions(parent.Function, a)
                                      where f.MinTreeHeight + (d - 1) < maxDepth
                                      where IsRecursiveExpansionPossible(f) ||
                                            totalListMinSize + currentSize >= size * 0.9 // if the necessary size is almost reached then also allow
                                                                                         // terminals or terminal-branches
                                      select f;
            IFunction selectedFunction = TreeGardener.RandomSelect(random, allowedSubFunctions.ToList());
            IFunctionTree newTree = selectedFunction.GetTreeNode();
            parent.RemoveSubTree(a);
            parent.InsertSubTree(a, newTree);
            currentSize++;
            totalListMinSize--;

            minArity = selectedFunction.MinSubTrees;
            maxArity = selectedFunction.MaxSubTrees;
            if (maxArity >= size) {
              maxArity = size;
            }
            actualArity = random.Next(minArity, maxArity + 1);
            for (int i = 0; i < actualArity; i++) {
              // insert a dummy sub-tree and add the pending extension to the list
              newTree.AddSubTree(null);
              list.Add(new object[] { newTree, i, d + 1 });
            }
            totalListMinSize += newTree.Function.MinTreeSize;
          }
        }
      }
      while (list.Count > 0) {
        int randomIndex = random.Next(list.Count);
        object[] nextExtension = list[randomIndex];
        list.RemoveAt(randomIndex);
        IFunctionTree parent = (IFunctionTree)nextExtension[0];
        int a = (int)nextExtension[1];
        int d = (int)nextExtension[2];
        parent.RemoveSubTree(a);
        parent.InsertSubTree(a,
          CreateRandomTree(GetAllowedSubFunctions(parent.Function, a), 1, 1)); // append a tree with minimal possible height
      }
      return root;
    }

    private bool IsRecursiveExpansionPossible(IFunction function) {
      return FindCycle(function, new Stack<IFunction>());
    }

    private Dictionary<IFunction, bool> inCycle = new Dictionary<IFunction, bool>();
    private bool FindCycle(IFunction function, Stack<IFunction> functionChain) {
      if (inCycle.ContainsKey(function)) {
        return inCycle[function];
      } else if (IsTerminal(function)) {
        inCycle[function] = false;
        return false;
      } else if (functionChain.Contains(function)) {
        inCycle[function] = true;
        return true;
      } else {
        functionChain.Push(function);
        bool result = false;
        // all slot indexes
        for (int i = 0; i < function.MaxSubTrees; i++) {
          foreach (IFunction subFunction in GetAllowedSubFunctions(function, i)) {
            result |= FindCycle(subFunction, functionChain);
          }
        }

        functionChain.Pop();
        inCycle[function] = result;
        return result;
      }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// selects a random function from allowedFunctions and creates a random (unbalanced) tree with maximal size and height.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="allowedFunctions">Set of allowed functions.</param>
    /// <param name="maxTreeSize">Maximal size of the tree (number of nodes).</param>
    /// <param name="maxTreeHeight">Maximal height of the tree.</param>
    /// <returns>New random unbalanced tree</returns>
    public IFunctionTree CreateRandomTree(ICollection<IFunction> allowedFunctions, int maxTreeSize, int maxTreeHeight) {
      // get the minimal needed height based on allowed functions and extend the max-height if necessary
      int minTreeHeight = allowedFunctions.Select(f => f.MinTreeHeight).Min();
      if (minTreeHeight > maxTreeHeight)
        maxTreeHeight = minTreeHeight;
      // get the minimal needed size based on allowed functions and extend the max-size if necessary
      int minTreeSize = allowedFunctions.Select(f => f.MinTreeSize).Min();
      if (minTreeSize > maxTreeSize)
        maxTreeSize = minTreeSize;

      // select a random value for the size and height
      int treeHeight = random.Next(minTreeHeight, maxTreeHeight + 1);
      int treeSize = random.Next(minTreeSize, maxTreeSize + 1);

      // filter the set of allowed functions and select only from those that fit into the given maximal size and height limits
      IFunction[] possibleFunctions = allowedFunctions.Where(f => f.MinTreeHeight <= treeHeight &&
        f.MinTreeSize <= treeSize).ToArray();
      IFunction selectedFunction = RandomSelect(possibleFunctions);

      // build the tree 
      IFunctionTree root;
      root = PTC2(selectedFunction, maxTreeSize, maxTreeHeight);
      return root;
    }
    #endregion

    #region tree information gathering
    public IFunctionTree GetRandomParentNode(IFunctionTree tree) {
      List<IFunctionTree> parentNodes = new List<IFunctionTree>();

      // add null for the parent of the root node
      parentNodes.Add(null);

      TreeForEach(tree, delegate(IFunctionTree possibleParentNode) {
        if (possibleParentNode.SubTrees.Count > 0) {
          parentNodes.Add(possibleParentNode);
        }
      });

      return parentNodes[random.Next(parentNodes.Count)];
    }

    public static ICollection<IFunctionTree> GetAllSubTrees(IFunctionTree root) {
      List<IFunctionTree> allTrees = new List<IFunctionTree>();
      TreeForEach(root, t => { allTrees.Add(t); });
      return allTrees;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// returns the height level of branch in the tree
    /// if the branch == tree => 1
    /// if branch is in the sub-trees of tree => 2
    /// ...
    /// if branch is not found => -1
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="tree">root of the function tree to process</param>
    /// <param name="branch">branch that is searched in the tree</param>
    /// <returns></returns>
    public int GetBranchLevel(IFunctionTree tree, IFunctionTree branch) {
      return GetBranchLevelHelper(tree, branch, 1);
    }

    // 'tail-recursive' helper
    private int GetBranchLevelHelper(IFunctionTree tree, IFunctionTree branch, int level) {
      if (branch == tree) return level;

      foreach (IFunctionTree subTree in tree.SubTrees) {
        int result = GetBranchLevelHelper(subTree, branch, level + 1);
        if (result != -1) return result;
      }

      return -1;
    }

    public bool IsValidTree(IFunctionTree tree) {
      for (int i = 0; i < tree.SubTrees.Count; i++) {
        if (!tree.Function.GetAllowedSubFunctions(i).Contains(tree.SubTrees[i].Function)) return false;
      }

      if (tree.SubTrees.Count < tree.Function.MinSubTrees || tree.SubTrees.Count > tree.Function.MaxSubTrees)
        return false;
      foreach (IFunctionTree subTree in tree.SubTrees) {
        if (!IsValidTree(subTree)) return false;
      }
      return true;
    }

    // returns a random branch from the specified level in the tree
    public IFunctionTree GetRandomBranch(IFunctionTree tree, int level) {
      if (level == 0) return tree;
      List<IFunctionTree> branches = new List<IFunctionTree>();
      GetBranchesAtLevel(tree, level, branches);
      return branches[random.Next(branches.Count)];
    }
    #endregion

    #region function information (arity, allowed childs and parents)
    internal ICollection<IFunction> GetPossibleParents(List<IFunction> list) {
      List<IFunction> result = new List<IFunction>();
      foreach (IFunction f in functions) {
        if (IsPossibleParent(f, list)) {
          result.Add(f);
        }
      }
      return result;
    }

    private bool IsPossibleParent(IFunction f, List<IFunction> children) {
      int minArity = f.MinSubTrees;
      int maxArity = f.MaxSubTrees;
      // note: we can't assume that the operators in the children list have different types!

      // when the maxArity of this function is smaller than the list of operators that
      // should be included as sub-operators then it can't be a parent
      if (maxArity < children.Count()) {
        return false;
      }
      int nSlots = Math.Max(minArity, children.Count);

      List<HashSet<IFunction>> slotSets = new List<HashSet<IFunction>>();

      // we iterate through all slots for sub-trees and calculate the set of 
      // allowed functions for this slot.
      // we only count those slots that can hold at least one of the children that we should combine
      for (int slot = 0; slot < nSlots; slot++) {
        HashSet<IFunction> functionSet = new HashSet<IFunction>(f.GetAllowedSubFunctions(slot));
        if (functionSet.Count() > 0) {
          slotSets.Add(functionSet);
        }
      }

      // ok at the end of this operation we know how many slots of the parent can actually
      // hold one of our children.
      // if the number of slots is smaller than the number of children we can be sure that
      // we can never combine all children as sub-trees of the function and thus the function
      // can't be a parent.
      if (slotSets.Count() < children.Count()) {
        return false;
      }

      // finally we sort the sets by size and beginning from the first set select one
      // function for the slot and thus remove it as possible sub-tree from the remaining sets.
      // when we can successfully assign all available children to a slot the function is a valid parent
      // when only a subset of all children can be assigned to slots the function is no valid parent
      slotSets.Sort((p, q) => p.Count() - q.Count());

      int assignments = 0;
      for (int i = 0; i < slotSets.Count() - 1; i++) {
        if (slotSets[i].Count > 0) {
          IFunction selected = slotSets[i].ElementAt(0);
          assignments++;
          for (int j = i + 1; j < slotSets.Count(); j++) {
            slotSets[j].Remove(selected);
          }
        }
      }

      // sanity check 
      if (assignments > children.Count) throw new InvalidProgramException();
      return assignments == children.Count - 1;
    }
    public IList<IFunction> GetAllowedParents(IFunction child, int childIndex) {
      List<IFunction> parents = new List<IFunction>();
      foreach (IFunction function in functions) {
        ICollection<IFunction> allowedSubFunctions = GetAllowedSubFunctions(function, childIndex);
        if (allowedSubFunctions.Contains(child)) {
          parents.Add(function);
        }
      }
      return parents;
    }
    public static bool IsTerminal(IFunction f) {
      return f.MinSubTrees == 0 && f.MaxSubTrees == 0;
    }
    public ICollection<IFunction> GetAllowedSubFunctions(IFunction f, int index) {
      if (f == null) {
        return allFunctions;
      } else {
        return f.GetAllowedSubFunctions(index);
      }
    }
    #endregion

    #region private utility methods
    public IFunction GetRandomRoot(int maxTreeSize, int maxTreeHeight) {
      if (maxTreeHeight == 1 || maxTreeSize == 1) {
        IFunction selectedTerminal = RandomSelect(terminals);
        return selectedTerminal;
      } else {
        int minExpandableTreeSize = (from f in functions
                                     where IsRecursiveExpansionPossible(f)
                                     select f.MinTreeSize).Min();
        int minExpandableTreeHeight = (from f in functions
                                       where IsRecursiveExpansionPossible(f)
                                       select f.MinTreeHeight).Min();
        IFunction[] possibleFunctions;
        if (maxTreeSize < minExpandableTreeSize || maxTreeHeight < minExpandableTreeHeight) {
          possibleFunctions = functions.Where(f => f.MinTreeHeight <= maxTreeHeight &&
            f.MinTreeSize <= maxTreeSize).ToArray();
        } else {
          possibleFunctions = functions.Where(f => f.MinTreeHeight <= maxTreeHeight &&
            f.MinTreeSize <= maxTreeSize && IsRecursiveExpansionPossible(f)).ToArray();
        }
        return RandomSelect(possibleFunctions);
      }
    }


    private IFunctionTree MakeUnbalancedTree(IFunction parent, int maxTreeHeight) {
      if (maxTreeHeight == 0) return parent.GetTreeNode();
      int minArity = parent.MinSubTrees;
      int maxArity = parent.MaxSubTrees;
      int actualArity = random.Next(minArity, maxArity + 1);
      if (actualArity > 0) {
        IFunctionTree parentTree = parent.GetTreeNode();
        for (int i = 0; i < actualArity; i++) {
          IFunction[] possibleFunctions = GetAllowedSubFunctions(parent, i).Where(f => f.MinTreeHeight <= maxTreeHeight).ToArray();
          IFunction selectedFunction = RandomSelect(possibleFunctions);
          IFunctionTree newSubTree = MakeUnbalancedTree(selectedFunction, maxTreeHeight - 1);
          parentTree.InsertSubTree(i, newSubTree);
        }
        return parentTree;
      }
      return parent.GetTreeNode();
    }


    // NOTE: this method doesn't build fully balanced trees because we have constraints on the
    // types of possible sub-functions which can indirectly impose a limit for the depth of a given sub-tree
    private IFunctionTree MakeBalancedTree(IFunction parent, int maxTreeHeight) {
      if (maxTreeHeight == 0) return parent.GetTreeNode();
      int minArity = parent.MinSubTrees;
      int maxArity = parent.MaxSubTrees;
      int actualArity = random.Next(minArity, maxArity + 1);
      if (actualArity > 0) {
        IFunctionTree parentTree = parent.GetTreeNode();
        for (int i = 0; i < actualArity; i++) {
          // first try to find a function that fits into the maxHeight limit
          IFunction[] possibleFunctions = GetAllowedSubFunctions(parent, i).Where(f => f.MinTreeHeight <= maxTreeHeight &&
            !IsTerminal(f)).ToArray();
          // no possible function found => extend function set to terminals
          if (possibleFunctions.Length == 0) {
            possibleFunctions = GetAllowedSubFunctions(parent, i).Where(f => IsTerminal(f)).ToArray();
            IFunction selectedTerminal = RandomSelect(possibleFunctions);
            IFunctionTree newTree = selectedTerminal.GetTreeNode();
            parentTree.InsertSubTree(i, newTree);
          } else {
            IFunction selectedFunction = RandomSelect(possibleFunctions);
            IFunctionTree newTree = MakeBalancedTree(selectedFunction, maxTreeHeight - 1);
            parentTree.InsertSubTree(i, newTree);
          }
        }
        return parentTree;
      }
      return parent.GetTreeNode();
    }

    private static void TreeForEach(IFunctionTree tree, Action<IFunctionTree> action) {
      action(tree);
      foreach (IFunctionTree subTree in tree.SubTrees) {
        TreeForEach(subTree, action);
      }
    }

    private static void GetBranchesAtLevel(IFunctionTree tree, int level, List<IFunctionTree> result) {
      if (level == 1) result.AddRange(tree.SubTrees);
      foreach (IFunctionTree subTree in tree.SubTrees) {
        if (subTree.GetHeight() >= level - 1)
          GetBranchesAtLevel(subTree, level - 1, result);
      }
    }

    private IFunction RandomSelect(IList<IFunction> functionSet) {
      return RandomSelect(random, functionSet);
    }

    public static IFunction RandomSelect(IRandom random, IList<IFunction> functionSet) {
      if (random == null || functionSet == null) throw new ArgumentNullException();
      if (functionSet.Count == 0) throw new ArgumentException("Empty function set");
      if (functionSet.Select(x => x.Tickets).Sum() <= 0) throw new ArgumentException("All functions in set have 0 tickets");
      double[] accumulatedTickets = new double[functionSet.Count];
      double ticketAccumulator = 0;
      int i = 0;
      // precalculate the slot-sizes
      foreach (IFunction function in functionSet) {
        ticketAccumulator += function.Tickets;
        accumulatedTickets[i] = ticketAccumulator;
        i++;
      }
      // throw ball
      double r = random.NextDouble() * ticketAccumulator;
      // find the slot that has been hit
      for (i = 0; i < accumulatedTickets.Length; i++) {
        if (r < accumulatedTickets[i]) return functionSet[i];
      }
      throw new ArgumentException();
    }

    #endregion

  }
}