source: tags/3.3.11/HeuristicLab.ExtLibs/HeuristicLab.NRefactory/5.5.0/NRefactory.CSharp-5.5.0/Resolver/OverloadResolution.cs @ 15261

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using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

using ICSharpCode.NRefactory.Semantics;
using ICSharpCode.NRefactory.TypeSystem;
using ICSharpCode.NRefactory.TypeSystem.Implementation;

namespace ICSharpCode.NRefactory.CSharp.Resolver
{
  /// <summary>
  /// C# overload resolution (C# 4.0 spec: §7.5).
  /// </summary>
  public class OverloadResolution
  {
    sealed class Candidate
    {
      public readonly IParameterizedMember Member;
      
      /// <summary>
      /// Returns the normal form candidate, if this is an expanded candidate.
      /// </summary>
      public readonly bool IsExpandedForm;
      
      /// <summary>
      /// Gets the parameter types. In the first step, these are the types without any substition.
      /// After type inference, substitutions will be performed.
      /// </summary>
      public readonly IType[] ParameterTypes;
      
      /// <summary>
      /// argument index -> parameter index; -1 for arguments that could not be mapped
      /// </summary>
      public int[] ArgumentToParameterMap;
      
      public OverloadResolutionErrors Errors;
      public int ErrorCount;
      
      public bool HasUnmappedOptionalParameters;
      
      public IType[] InferredTypes;
      
      /// <summary>
      /// Gets the original member parameters (before any substitution!)
      /// </summary>
      public readonly IList<IParameter> Parameters;
      
      /// <summary>
      /// Gets the original method type parameters (before any substitution!)
      /// </summary>
      public readonly IList<ITypeParameter> TypeParameters;
      
      /// <summary>
      /// Conversions applied to the arguments.
      /// This field is set by the CheckApplicability step.
      /// </summary>
      public Conversion[] ArgumentConversions;
      
      public bool IsGenericMethod {
        get {
          IMethod method = Member as IMethod;
          return method != null && method.TypeParameters.Count > 0;
        }
      }
      
      public int ArgumentsPassedToParamsArray {
        get {
          int count = 0;
          if (IsExpandedForm) {
            int paramsParameterIndex = this.Parameters.Count - 1;
            foreach (int parameterIndex in ArgumentToParameterMap) {
              if (parameterIndex == paramsParameterIndex)
                count++;
            }
          }
          return count;
        }
      }
      
      public Candidate(IParameterizedMember member, bool isExpanded)
      {
        this.Member = member;
        this.IsExpandedForm = isExpanded;
        IParameterizedMember memberDefinition = (IParameterizedMember)member.MemberDefinition;
        // For specificialized methods, go back to the original parameters:
        // (without any type parameter substitution, not even class type parameters)
        // We'll re-substitute them as part of RunTypeInference().
        this.Parameters = memberDefinition.Parameters;
        IMethod methodDefinition = memberDefinition as IMethod;
        if (methodDefinition != null && methodDefinition.TypeParameters.Count > 0) {
          this.TypeParameters = methodDefinition.TypeParameters;
        }
        this.ParameterTypes = new IType[this.Parameters.Count];
      }
      
      public void AddError(OverloadResolutionErrors newError)
      {
        this.Errors |= newError;
        if (!IsApplicable(newError))
          this.ErrorCount++;
      }
    }
    
    readonly ICompilation compilation;
    readonly ResolveResult[] arguments;
    readonly string[] argumentNames;
    readonly CSharpConversions conversions;
    //List<Candidate> candidates = new List<Candidate>();
    Candidate bestCandidate;
    Candidate bestCandidateAmbiguousWith;
    IType[] explicitlyGivenTypeArguments;
    bool bestCandidateWasValidated;
    OverloadResolutionErrors bestCandidateValidationResult;
    
    #region Constructor
    public OverloadResolution(ICompilation compilation, ResolveResult[] arguments, string[] argumentNames = null, IType[] typeArguments = null, CSharpConversions conversions = null)
    {
      if (compilation == null)
        throw new ArgumentNullException("compilation");
      if (arguments == null)
        throw new ArgumentNullException("arguments");
      if (argumentNames == null)
        argumentNames = new string[arguments.Length];
      else if (argumentNames.Length != arguments.Length)
        throw new ArgumentException("argumentsNames.Length must be equal to arguments.Length");
      this.compilation = compilation;
      this.arguments = arguments;
      this.argumentNames = argumentNames;
      
      // keep explicitlyGivenTypeArguments==null when no type arguments were specified
      if (typeArguments != null && typeArguments.Length > 0)
        this.explicitlyGivenTypeArguments = typeArguments;
      
      this.conversions = conversions ?? CSharpConversions.Get(compilation);
      this.AllowExpandingParams = true;
      this.AllowOptionalParameters = true;
    }
    #endregion
    
    #region Input Properties
    /// <summary>
    /// Gets/Sets whether the methods are extension methods that are being called using extension method syntax.
    /// </summary>
    /// <remarks>
    /// Setting this property to true restricts the possible conversions on the first argument to
    /// implicit identity, reference, or boxing conversions.
    /// </remarks>
    public bool IsExtensionMethodInvocation { get; set; }
    
    /// <summary>
    /// Gets/Sets whether expanding 'params' into individual elements is allowed.
    /// The default value is true.
    /// </summary>
    public bool AllowExpandingParams { get; set; }
    
    /// <summary>
    /// Gets/Sets whether optional parameters may be left at their default value.
    /// The default value is true.
    /// If this property is set to false, optional parameters will be treated like regular parameters.
    /// </summary>
    public bool AllowOptionalParameters { get; set; }
    
    /// <summary>
    /// Gets/Sets whether ConversionResolveResults created by this OverloadResolution
    /// instance apply overflow checking.
    /// The default value is false.
    /// </summary>
    public bool CheckForOverflow { get; set; }
    
    /// <summary>
    /// Gets the arguments for which this OverloadResolution instance was created.
    /// </summary>
    public IList<ResolveResult> Arguments {
      get { return arguments; }
    }
    #endregion
    
    #region AddCandidate
    /// <summary>
    /// Adds a candidate to overload resolution.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="member">The candidate member to add.</param>
    /// <returns>The errors that prevent the member from being applicable, if any.
    /// Note: this method does not return errors that do not affect applicability.</returns>
    public OverloadResolutionErrors AddCandidate(IParameterizedMember member)
    {
      return AddCandidate(member, OverloadResolutionErrors.None);
    }
    
    /// <summary>
    /// Adds a candidate to overload resolution.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="member">The candidate member to add.</param>
    /// <param name="additionalErrors">Additional errors that apply to the candidate.
    /// This is used to represent errors during member lookup (e.g. OverloadResolutionErrors.Inaccessible)
    /// in overload resolution.</param>
    /// <returns>The errors that prevent the member from being applicable, if any.
    /// Note: this method does not return errors that do not affect applicability.</returns>
    public OverloadResolutionErrors AddCandidate(IParameterizedMember member, OverloadResolutionErrors additionalErrors)
    {
      if (member == null)
        throw new ArgumentNullException("member");
      
      Candidate c = new Candidate(member, false);
      c.AddError(additionalErrors);
      if (CalculateCandidate(c)) {
        //candidates.Add(c);
      }
      
      if (this.AllowExpandingParams && member.Parameters.Count > 0
          && member.Parameters[member.Parameters.Count - 1].IsParams)
      {
        Candidate expandedCandidate = new Candidate(member, true);
        expandedCandidate.AddError(additionalErrors);
        // consider expanded form only if it isn't obviously wrong
        if (CalculateCandidate(expandedCandidate)) {
          //candidates.Add(expandedCandidate);
          
          if (expandedCandidate.ErrorCount < c.ErrorCount)
            return expandedCandidate.Errors;
        }
      }
      return c.Errors;
    }
    
    /// <summary>
    /// Calculates applicability etc. for the candidate.
    /// </summary>
    /// <returns>True if the calculation was successful, false if the candidate should be removed without reporting an error</returns>
    bool CalculateCandidate(Candidate candidate)
    {
      if (!ResolveParameterTypes(candidate, false))
        return false;
      MapCorrespondingParameters(candidate);
      RunTypeInference(candidate);
      CheckApplicability(candidate);
      ConsiderIfNewCandidateIsBest(candidate);
      return true;
    }
    
    bool ResolveParameterTypes(Candidate candidate, bool useSpecializedParameters)
    {
      for (int i = 0; i < candidate.Parameters.Count; i++) {
        IType type;
        if (useSpecializedParameters) {
          // Use the parameter type of the specialized non-generic method or indexer
          Debug.Assert(!candidate.IsGenericMethod);
          type = candidate.Member.Parameters[i].Type;
        } else {
          // Use the type of the original formal parameter
          type = candidate.Parameters[i].Type;
        }
        if (candidate.IsExpandedForm && i == candidate.Parameters.Count - 1) {
          ArrayType arrayType = type as ArrayType;
          if (arrayType != null && arrayType.Dimensions == 1)
            type = arrayType.ElementType;
          else
            return false; // error: cannot unpack params-array. abort considering the expanded form for this candidate
        }
        candidate.ParameterTypes[i] = type;
      }
      return true;
    }
    #endregion
    
    #region AddMethodLists
    /// <summary>
    /// Adds all candidates from the method lists.
    /// 
    /// This method implements the logic that causes applicable methods in derived types to hide
    /// all methods in base types.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="methodLists">The methods, grouped by declaring type. Base types must come first in the list.</param>
    public void AddMethodLists(IList<MethodListWithDeclaringType> methodLists)
    {
      if (methodLists == null)
        throw new ArgumentNullException("methodLists");
      // Base types come first, so go through the list backwards (derived types first)
      bool[] isHiddenByDerivedType;
      if (methodLists.Count > 1)
        isHiddenByDerivedType = new bool[methodLists.Count];
      else
        isHiddenByDerivedType = null;
      for (int i = methodLists.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
        if (isHiddenByDerivedType != null && isHiddenByDerivedType[i]) {
          Log.WriteLine("  Skipping methods in {0} because they are hidden by an applicable method in a derived type", methodLists[i].DeclaringType);
          continue;
        }
        
        MethodListWithDeclaringType methodList = methodLists[i];
        bool foundApplicableCandidateInCurrentList = false;
        
        for (int j = 0; j < methodList.Count; j++) {
          IParameterizedMember method = methodList[j];
          Log.Indent();
          OverloadResolutionErrors errors = AddCandidate(method);
          Log.Unindent();
          LogCandidateAddingResult("  Candidate", method, errors);
          
          foundApplicableCandidateInCurrentList |= IsApplicable(errors);
        }
        
        if (foundApplicableCandidateInCurrentList && i > 0) {
          foreach (IType baseType in methodList.DeclaringType.GetAllBaseTypes()) {
            for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
              if (!isHiddenByDerivedType[j] && baseType.Equals(methodLists[j].DeclaringType))
                isHiddenByDerivedType[j] = true;
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
    
    [Conditional("DEBUG")]
    internal void LogCandidateAddingResult(string text, IParameterizedMember method, OverloadResolutionErrors errors)
    {
      #if DEBUG
      Log.WriteLine(string.Format("{0} {1} = {2}{3}",
                                  text, method,
                                  errors == OverloadResolutionErrors.None ? "Success" : errors.ToString(),
                                  this.BestCandidate == method ? " (best candidate so far)" :
                                  this.BestCandidateAmbiguousWith == method ? " (ambiguous)" : ""
                                 ));
      #endif
    }
    #endregion
    
    #region MapCorrespondingParameters
    void MapCorrespondingParameters(Candidate candidate)
    {
      // C# 4.0 spec: §7.5.1.1 Corresponding parameters
      candidate.ArgumentToParameterMap = new int[arguments.Length];
      for (int i = 0; i < arguments.Length; i++) {
        candidate.ArgumentToParameterMap[i] = -1;
        if (argumentNames[i] == null) {
          // positional argument
          if (i < candidate.ParameterTypes.Length) {
            candidate.ArgumentToParameterMap[i] = i;
          } else if (candidate.IsExpandedForm) {
            candidate.ArgumentToParameterMap[i] = candidate.ParameterTypes.Length - 1;
          } else {
            candidate.AddError(OverloadResolutionErrors.TooManyPositionalArguments);
          }
        } else {
          // named argument
          for (int j = 0; j < candidate.Parameters.Count; j++) {
            if (argumentNames[i] == candidate.Parameters[j].Name) {
              candidate.ArgumentToParameterMap[i] = j;
            }
          }
          if (candidate.ArgumentToParameterMap[i] < 0)
            candidate.AddError(OverloadResolutionErrors.NoParameterFoundForNamedArgument);
        }
      }
    }
    #endregion
    
    #region RunTypeInference
    void RunTypeInference(Candidate candidate)
    {
      if (candidate.TypeParameters == null) {
        if (explicitlyGivenTypeArguments != null) {
          // method does not expect type arguments, but was given some
          candidate.AddError(OverloadResolutionErrors.WrongNumberOfTypeArguments);
        }
        // Grab new parameter types:
        ResolveParameterTypes(candidate, true);
        return;
      }
      ParameterizedType parameterizedDeclaringType = candidate.Member.DeclaringType as ParameterizedType;
      IList<IType> classTypeArguments;
      if (parameterizedDeclaringType != null) {
        classTypeArguments = parameterizedDeclaringType.TypeArguments;
      } else {
        classTypeArguments = null;
      }
      // The method is generic:
      if (explicitlyGivenTypeArguments != null) {
        if (explicitlyGivenTypeArguments.Length == candidate.TypeParameters.Count) {
          candidate.InferredTypes = explicitlyGivenTypeArguments;
        } else {
          candidate.AddError(OverloadResolutionErrors.WrongNumberOfTypeArguments);
          // wrong number of type arguments given, so truncate the list or pad with UnknownType
          candidate.InferredTypes = new IType[candidate.TypeParameters.Count];
          for (int i = 0; i < candidate.InferredTypes.Length; i++) {
            if (i < explicitlyGivenTypeArguments.Length)
              candidate.InferredTypes[i] = explicitlyGivenTypeArguments[i];
            else
              candidate.InferredTypes[i] = SpecialType.UnknownType;
          }
        }
      } else {
        TypeInference ti = new TypeInference(compilation, conversions);
        bool success;
        candidate.InferredTypes = ti.InferTypeArguments(candidate.TypeParameters, arguments, candidate.ParameterTypes, out success, classTypeArguments);
        if (!success)
          candidate.AddError(OverloadResolutionErrors.TypeInferenceFailed);
      }
      // Now substitute in the formal parameters:
      var substitution = new ConstraintValidatingSubstitution(classTypeArguments, candidate.InferredTypes, this);
      for (int i = 0; i < candidate.ParameterTypes.Length; i++) {
        candidate.ParameterTypes[i] = candidate.ParameterTypes[i].AcceptVisitor(substitution);
      }
      if (!substitution.ConstraintsValid)
        candidate.AddError(OverloadResolutionErrors.ConstructedTypeDoesNotSatisfyConstraint);
    }
    
    sealed class ConstraintValidatingSubstitution : TypeParameterSubstitution
    {
      readonly CSharpConversions conversions;
      public bool ConstraintsValid = true;
      
      public ConstraintValidatingSubstitution(IList<IType> classTypeArguments, IList<IType> methodTypeArguments, OverloadResolution overloadResolution)
        : base(classTypeArguments, methodTypeArguments)
      {
        this.conversions = overloadResolution.conversions;
      }
      
      public override IType VisitParameterizedType(ParameterizedType type)
      {
        IType newType = base.VisitParameterizedType(type);
        if (newType != type && ConstraintsValid) {
          // something was changed, so we need to validate the constraints
          ParameterizedType newParameterizedType = newType as ParameterizedType;
          if (newParameterizedType != null) {
            // C# 4.0 spec: §4.4.4 Satisfying constraints
            var typeParameters = newParameterizedType.GetDefinition().TypeParameters;
            var substitution = newParameterizedType.GetSubstitution();
            for (int i = 0; i < typeParameters.Count; i++) {
              if (!ValidateConstraints(typeParameters[i], newParameterizedType.GetTypeArgument(i), substitution, conversions)) {
                ConstraintsValid = false;
                break;
              }
            }
          }
        }
        return newType;
      }
    }
    #endregion
    
    #region Validate Constraints
    OverloadResolutionErrors ValidateMethodConstraints(Candidate candidate)
    {
      // If type inference already failed, we won't check the constraints:
      if ((candidate.Errors & OverloadResolutionErrors.TypeInferenceFailed) != 0)
        return OverloadResolutionErrors.None;
      
      if (candidate.TypeParameters == null || candidate.TypeParameters.Count == 0)
        return OverloadResolutionErrors.None; // the method isn't generic
      var substitution = GetSubstitution(candidate);
      for (int i = 0; i < candidate.TypeParameters.Count; i++) {
        if (!ValidateConstraints(candidate.TypeParameters[i], substitution.MethodTypeArguments[i], substitution))
          return OverloadResolutionErrors.MethodConstraintsNotSatisfied;
      }
      return OverloadResolutionErrors.None;
    }
    
    /// <summary>
    /// Validates whether the given type argument satisfies the constraints for the given type parameter.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="typeParameter">The type parameter.</param>
    /// <param name="typeArgument">The type argument.</param>
    /// <param name="substitution">The substitution that defines how type parameters are replaced with type arguments.
    /// The substitution is used to check constraints that depend on other type parameters (or recursively on the same type parameter).
    /// May be null if no substitution should be used.</param>
    /// <returns>True if the constraints are satisfied; false otherwise.</returns>
    public static bool ValidateConstraints(ITypeParameter typeParameter, IType typeArgument, TypeVisitor substitution = null)
    {
      if (typeParameter == null)
        throw new ArgumentNullException("typeParameter");
      if (typeArgument == null)
        throw new ArgumentNullException("typeArgument");
      return ValidateConstraints(typeParameter, typeArgument, substitution, CSharpConversions.Get(typeParameter.Owner.Compilation));
    }
    
    internal static bool ValidateConstraints(ITypeParameter typeParameter, IType typeArgument, TypeVisitor substitution, CSharpConversions conversions)
    {
      switch (typeArgument.Kind) { // void, null, and pointers cannot be used as type arguments
        case TypeKind.Void:
        case TypeKind.Null:
        case TypeKind.Pointer:
          return false;
      }
      if (typeParameter.HasReferenceTypeConstraint) {
        if (typeArgument.IsReferenceType != true)
          return false;
      }
      if (typeParameter.HasValueTypeConstraint) {
        if (!NullableType.IsNonNullableValueType(typeArgument))
          return false;
      }
      if (typeParameter.HasDefaultConstructorConstraint) {
        ITypeDefinition def = typeArgument.GetDefinition();
        if (def != null && def.IsAbstract)
          return false;
        var ctors = typeArgument.GetConstructors(
          m => m.Parameters.Count == 0 && m.Accessibility == Accessibility.Public,
          GetMemberOptions.IgnoreInheritedMembers | GetMemberOptions.ReturnMemberDefinitions
        );
        if (!ctors.Any())
          return false;
      }
      foreach (IType constraintType in typeParameter.DirectBaseTypes) {
        IType c = constraintType;
        if (substitution != null)
          c = c.AcceptVisitor(substitution);
        if (!conversions.IsConstraintConvertible(typeArgument, c))
          return false;
      }
      return true;
    }
    #endregion
    
    #region CheckApplicability
    /// <summary>
    /// Returns whether a candidate with the given errors is still considered to be applicable.
    /// </summary>
    public static bool IsApplicable(OverloadResolutionErrors errors)
    {
      const OverloadResolutionErrors errorsThatDoNotMatterForApplicability =
        OverloadResolutionErrors.AmbiguousMatch | OverloadResolutionErrors.MethodConstraintsNotSatisfied;
      return (errors & ~errorsThatDoNotMatterForApplicability) == OverloadResolutionErrors.None;
    }
    
    void CheckApplicability(Candidate candidate)
    {
      // C# 4.0 spec: §7.5.3.1 Applicable function member
      
      // Test whether parameters were mapped the correct number of arguments:
      int[] argumentCountPerParameter = new int[candidate.ParameterTypes.Length];
      foreach (int parameterIndex in candidate.ArgumentToParameterMap) {
        if (parameterIndex >= 0)
          argumentCountPerParameter[parameterIndex]++;
      }
      for (int i = 0; i < argumentCountPerParameter.Length; i++) {
        if (candidate.IsExpandedForm && i == argumentCountPerParameter.Length - 1)
          continue; // any number of arguments is fine for the params-array
        if (argumentCountPerParameter[i] == 0) {
          if (this.AllowOptionalParameters && candidate.Parameters[i].IsOptional)
            candidate.HasUnmappedOptionalParameters = true;
          else
            candidate.AddError(OverloadResolutionErrors.MissingArgumentForRequiredParameter);
        } else if (argumentCountPerParameter[i] > 1) {
          candidate.AddError(OverloadResolutionErrors.MultipleArgumentsForSingleParameter);
        }
      }
      
      candidate.ArgumentConversions = new Conversion[arguments.Length];
      // Test whether argument passing mode matches the parameter passing mode
      for (int i = 0; i < arguments.Length; i++) {
        int parameterIndex = candidate.ArgumentToParameterMap[i];
        if (parameterIndex < 0) {
          candidate.ArgumentConversions[i] = Conversion.None;
          continue;
        }
        
        ByReferenceResolveResult brrr = arguments[i] as ByReferenceResolveResult;
        if (brrr != null) {
          if ((brrr.IsOut && !candidate.Parameters[parameterIndex].IsOut) || (brrr.IsRef && !candidate.Parameters[parameterIndex].IsRef))
            candidate.AddError(OverloadResolutionErrors.ParameterPassingModeMismatch);
        } else {
          if (candidate.Parameters[parameterIndex].IsOut || candidate.Parameters[parameterIndex].IsRef)
            candidate.AddError(OverloadResolutionErrors.ParameterPassingModeMismatch);
        }
        IType parameterType = candidate.ParameterTypes[parameterIndex];
        Conversion c = conversions.ImplicitConversion(arguments[i], parameterType);
        candidate.ArgumentConversions[i] = c;
        if (IsExtensionMethodInvocation && parameterIndex == 0) {
          // First parameter to extension method must be an identity, reference or boxing conversion
          if (!(c == Conversion.IdentityConversion || c == Conversion.ImplicitReferenceConversion || c == Conversion.BoxingConversion))
            candidate.AddError(OverloadResolutionErrors.ArgumentTypeMismatch);
        } else {
          if ((!c.IsValid && !c.IsUserDefined && !c.IsMethodGroupConversion) && parameterType.Kind != TypeKind.Unknown)
            candidate.AddError(OverloadResolutionErrors.ArgumentTypeMismatch);
        }
      }
    }
    #endregion
    
    #region BetterFunctionMember
    /// <summary>
    /// Returns 1 if c1 is better than c2; 2 if c2 is better than c1; or 0 if neither is better.
    /// </summary>
    int BetterFunctionMember(Candidate c1, Candidate c2)
    {
      // prefer applicable members (part of heuristic that produces a best candidate even if none is applicable)
      if (c1.ErrorCount == 0 && c2.ErrorCount > 0)
        return 1;
      if (c1.ErrorCount > 0 && c2.ErrorCount == 0)
        return 2;
      
      // C# 4.0 spec: §7.5.3.2 Better function member
      bool c1IsBetter = false;
      bool c2IsBetter = false;
      for (int i = 0; i < arguments.Length; i++) {
        int p1 = c1.ArgumentToParameterMap[i];
        int p2 = c2.ArgumentToParameterMap[i];
        if (p1 >= 0 && p2 < 0) {
          c1IsBetter = true;
        } else if (p1 < 0 && p2 >= 0) {
          c2IsBetter = true;
        } else if (p1 >= 0 && p2 >= 0) {
          switch (conversions.BetterConversion(arguments[i], c1.ParameterTypes[p1], c2.ParameterTypes[p2])) {
            case 1:
              c1IsBetter = true;
              break;
            case 2:
              c2IsBetter = true;
              break;
          }
        }
      }
      if (c1IsBetter && !c2IsBetter)
        return 1;
      if (!c1IsBetter && c2IsBetter)
        return 2;
      
      // prefer members with less errors (part of heuristic that produces a best candidate even if none is applicable)
      if (c1.ErrorCount < c2.ErrorCount) return 1;
      if (c1.ErrorCount > c2.ErrorCount) return 2;
      
      if (!c1IsBetter && !c2IsBetter) {
        // we need the tie-breaking rules
        
        // non-generic methods are better
        if (!c1.IsGenericMethod && c2.IsGenericMethod)
          return 1;
        else if (c1.IsGenericMethod && !c2.IsGenericMethod)
          return 2;
        
        // non-expanded members are better
        if (!c1.IsExpandedForm && c2.IsExpandedForm)
          return 1;
        else if (c1.IsExpandedForm && !c2.IsExpandedForm)
          return 2;
        
        // prefer the member with less arguments mapped to the params-array
        int r = c1.ArgumentsPassedToParamsArray.CompareTo(c2.ArgumentsPassedToParamsArray);
        if (r < 0) return 1;
        else if (r > 0) return 2;
        
        // prefer the member where no default values need to be substituted
        if (!c1.HasUnmappedOptionalParameters && c2.HasUnmappedOptionalParameters)
          return 1;
        else if (c1.HasUnmappedOptionalParameters && !c2.HasUnmappedOptionalParameters)
          return 2;
        
        // compare the formal parameters
        r = MoreSpecificFormalParameters(c1, c2);
        if (r != 0)
          return r;
        
        // prefer non-lifted operators
        ILiftedOperator lift1 = c1.Member as ILiftedOperator;
        ILiftedOperator lift2 = c2.Member as ILiftedOperator;
        if (lift1 == null && lift2 != null)
          return 1;
        if (lift1 != null && lift2 == null)
          return 2;
      }
      return 0;
    }
    
    /// <summary>
    /// Implement this interface to give overload resolution a hint that the member represents a lifted operator,
    /// which is used in the tie-breaking rules.
    /// </summary>
    public interface ILiftedOperator : IParameterizedMember
    {
      IList<IParameter> NonLiftedParameters { get; }
    }
    
    int MoreSpecificFormalParameters(Candidate c1, Candidate c2)
    {
      // prefer the member with more formal parmeters (in case both have different number of optional parameters)
      int r = c1.Parameters.Count.CompareTo(c2.Parameters.Count);
      if (r > 0) return 1;
      else if (r < 0) return 2;
      
      return MoreSpecificFormalParameters(c1.Parameters.Select(p => p.Type), c2.Parameters.Select(p => p.Type));
    }
    
    static int MoreSpecificFormalParameters(IEnumerable<IType> t1, IEnumerable<IType> t2)
    {
      bool c1IsBetter = false;
      bool c2IsBetter = false;
      foreach (var pair in t1.Zip(t2, (a,b) => new { Item1 = a, Item2 = b })) {
        switch (MoreSpecificFormalParameter(pair.Item1, pair.Item2)) {
          case 1:
            c1IsBetter = true;
            break;
          case 2:
            c2IsBetter = true;
            break;
        }
      }
      if (c1IsBetter && !c2IsBetter)
        return 1;
      if (!c1IsBetter && c2IsBetter)
        return 2;
      return 0;
    }
    
    static int MoreSpecificFormalParameter(IType t1, IType t2)
    {
      if ((t1 is ITypeParameter) && !(t2 is ITypeParameter))
        return 2;
      if ((t2 is ITypeParameter) && !(t1 is ITypeParameter))
        return 1;
      
      ParameterizedType p1 = t1 as ParameterizedType;
      ParameterizedType p2 = t2 as ParameterizedType;
      if (p1 != null && p2 != null && p1.TypeParameterCount == p2.TypeParameterCount) {
        int r = MoreSpecificFormalParameters(p1.TypeArguments, p2.TypeArguments);
        if (r > 0)
          return r;
      }
      TypeWithElementType tew1 = t1 as TypeWithElementType;
      TypeWithElementType tew2 = t2 as TypeWithElementType;
      if (tew1 != null && tew2 != null) {
        return MoreSpecificFormalParameter(tew1.ElementType, tew2.ElementType);
      }
      return 0;
    }
    #endregion
    
    #region ConsiderIfNewCandidateIsBest
    void ConsiderIfNewCandidateIsBest(Candidate candidate)
    {
      if (bestCandidate == null) {
        bestCandidate = candidate;
        bestCandidateWasValidated = false;
      } else {
        switch (BetterFunctionMember(candidate, bestCandidate)) {
          case 0:
            // Overwrite 'bestCandidateAmbiguousWith' so that API users can
            // detect the set of all ambiguous methods if they look at
            // bestCandidateAmbiguousWith after each step.
            bestCandidateAmbiguousWith = candidate;
            break;
          case 1:
            bestCandidate = candidate;
            bestCandidateWasValidated = false;
            bestCandidateAmbiguousWith = null;
            break;
            // case 2: best candidate stays best
        }
      }
    }
    #endregion
    
    #region Output Properties
    public IParameterizedMember BestCandidate {
      get { return bestCandidate != null ? bestCandidate.Member : null; }
    }
    
    /// <summary>
    /// Returns the errors that apply to the best candidate.
    /// This includes additional errors that do not affect applicability (e.g. AmbiguousMatch, MethodConstraintsNotSatisfied)
    /// </summary>
    public OverloadResolutionErrors BestCandidateErrors {
      get {
        if (bestCandidate == null)
          return OverloadResolutionErrors.None;
        if (!bestCandidateWasValidated) {
          bestCandidateValidationResult = ValidateMethodConstraints(bestCandidate);
          bestCandidateWasValidated = true;
        }
        OverloadResolutionErrors err = bestCandidate.Errors | bestCandidateValidationResult;
        if (bestCandidateAmbiguousWith != null)
          err |= OverloadResolutionErrors.AmbiguousMatch;
        return err;
      }
    }
    
    public bool FoundApplicableCandidate {
      get { return bestCandidate != null && IsApplicable(bestCandidate.Errors); }
    }
    
    public IParameterizedMember BestCandidateAmbiguousWith {
      get { return bestCandidateAmbiguousWith != null ? bestCandidateAmbiguousWith.Member : null; }
    }
    
    public bool BestCandidateIsExpandedForm {
      get { return bestCandidate != null ? bestCandidate.IsExpandedForm : false; }
    }
    
    public bool IsAmbiguous {
      get { return bestCandidateAmbiguousWith != null; }
    }
    
    public IList<IType> InferredTypeArguments {
      get {
        if (bestCandidate != null && bestCandidate.InferredTypes != null)
          return bestCandidate.InferredTypes;
        else
          return EmptyList<IType>.Instance;
      }
    }
    
    /// <summary>
    /// Gets the implicit conversions that are being applied to the arguments.
    /// </summary>
    public IList<Conversion> ArgumentConversions {
      get {
        if (bestCandidate != null && bestCandidate.ArgumentConversions != null)
          return bestCandidate.ArgumentConversions;
        else
          return Enumerable.Repeat(Conversion.None, arguments.Length).ToList();
      }
    }
    
    /// <summary>
    /// Gets an array that maps argument indices to parameter indices.
    /// For arguments that could not be mapped to any parameter, the value will be -1.
    /// 
    /// parameterIndex = GetArgumentToParameterMap()[argumentIndex]
    /// </summary>
    public IList<int> GetArgumentToParameterMap()
    {
      if (bestCandidate != null)
        return bestCandidate.ArgumentToParameterMap;
      else
        return null;
    }
    
    /// <summary>
    /// Returns the arguments for the method call in the order they were provided (not in the order of the parameters).
    /// Arguments are wrapped in a <see cref="ConversionResolveResult"/> if an implicit conversion is being applied
    /// to them when calling the method.
    /// </summary>
    public IList<ResolveResult> GetArgumentsWithConversions()
    {
      if (bestCandidate == null)
        return arguments;
      else
        return GetArgumentsWithConversions(null, null);
    }
    
    /// <summary>
    /// Returns the arguments for the method call in the order they were provided (not in the order of the parameters).
    /// Arguments are wrapped in a <see cref="ConversionResolveResult"/> if an implicit conversion is being applied
    /// to them when calling the method.
    /// For arguments where an explicit argument name was provided, the argument will
    /// be wrapped in a <see cref="NamedArgumentResolveResult"/>.
    /// </summary>
    public IList<ResolveResult> GetArgumentsWithConversionsAndNames()
    {
      if (bestCandidate == null)
        return arguments;
      else
        return GetArgumentsWithConversions(null, GetBestCandidateWithSubstitutedTypeArguments());
    }
    
    IList<ResolveResult> GetArgumentsWithConversions(ResolveResult targetResolveResult, IParameterizedMember bestCandidateForNamedArguments)
    {
      var conversions = this.ArgumentConversions;
      ResolveResult[] args = new ResolveResult[arguments.Length];
      for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++) {
        var argument = arguments[i];
        if (this.IsExtensionMethodInvocation && i == 0 && targetResolveResult != null)
          argument = targetResolveResult;
        int parameterIndex = bestCandidate.ArgumentToParameterMap[i];
        if (parameterIndex >= 0 && conversions[i] != Conversion.IdentityConversion) {
          // Wrap argument in ConversionResolveResult
          IType parameterType = bestCandidate.ParameterTypes[parameterIndex];
          if (parameterType.Kind != TypeKind.Unknown) {
            if (arguments[i].IsCompileTimeConstant && conversions[i].IsValid && !conversions[i].IsUserDefined) {
              argument = new CSharpResolver(compilation).WithCheckForOverflow(CheckForOverflow).ResolveCast(parameterType, argument);
            } else {
              argument = new ConversionResolveResult(parameterType, argument, conversions[i], CheckForOverflow);
            }
          }
        }
        if (bestCandidateForNamedArguments != null && argumentNames[i] != null) {
          // Wrap argument in NamedArgumentResolveResult
          if (parameterIndex >= 0) {
            argument = new NamedArgumentResolveResult(bestCandidateForNamedArguments.Parameters[parameterIndex], argument, bestCandidateForNamedArguments);
          } else {
            argument = new NamedArgumentResolveResult(argumentNames[i], argument);
          }
        }
        args[i] = argument;
      }
      return args;
    }
    
    public IParameterizedMember GetBestCandidateWithSubstitutedTypeArguments()
    {
      if (bestCandidate == null)
        return null;
      IMethod method = bestCandidate.Member as IMethod;
      if (method != null && method.TypeParameters.Count > 0) {
        return ((IMethod)method.MemberDefinition).Specialize(GetSubstitution(bestCandidate));
      } else {
        return bestCandidate.Member;
      }
    }
    
    TypeParameterSubstitution GetSubstitution(Candidate candidate)
    {
      // Do not compose the substitutions, but merge them.
      // This is required for InvocationTests.SubstituteClassAndMethodTypeParametersAtOnce
      return new TypeParameterSubstitution(candidate.Member.Substitution.ClassTypeArguments, candidate.InferredTypes);
    }
    
    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a ResolveResult representing the result of overload resolution.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="targetResolveResult">
    /// The target expression of the call. May be <c>null</c> for static methods/constructors.
    /// </param>
    /// <param name="initializerStatements">
    /// Statements for Objects/Collections initializer.
    /// <see cref="InvocationResolveResult.InitializerStatements"/>
    /// <param name="returnTypeOverride">
    /// If not null, use this instead of the ReturnType of the member as the type of the created resolve result.
    /// </param>
    public CSharpInvocationResolveResult CreateResolveResult(ResolveResult targetResolveResult, IList<ResolveResult> initializerStatements = null, IType returnTypeOverride = null)
    {
      IParameterizedMember member = GetBestCandidateWithSubstitutedTypeArguments();
      if (member == null)
        throw new InvalidOperationException();

      return new CSharpInvocationResolveResult(
        this.IsExtensionMethodInvocation ? new TypeResolveResult(member.DeclaringType) : targetResolveResult,
        member,
        GetArgumentsWithConversions(targetResolveResult, member),
        this.BestCandidateErrors,
        this.IsExtensionMethodInvocation,
        this.BestCandidateIsExpandedForm,
        isDelegateInvocation: false,
        argumentToParameterMap: this.GetArgumentToParameterMap(),
        initializerStatements: initializerStatements,
        returnTypeOverride: returnTypeOverride);
    }
    #endregion
  }
}