source: branches/HeuristicLab.Problems.GrammaticalOptimization/HeuristicLab.Algorithms.GrammaticalOptimization/SequentialSearch.cs @ 11847

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
using System.Resources;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Text;
using HeuristicLab.Algorithms.Bandits;
using HeuristicLab.Algorithms.Bandits.BanditPolicies;
using HeuristicLab.Algorithms.Bandits.GrammarPolicies;
using HeuristicLab.Common;
using HeuristicLab.Problems.GrammaticalOptimization;

namespace HeuristicLab.Algorithms.GrammaticalOptimization {
  // a search procedure that uses a policy to generate sentences and updates the policy (online RL)
  // 1) Start with phrase = sentence symbol of grammar
  // 2) Repeat
  //    a) generate derived phrases using left-canonical derivation and grammar rules
  //    b) keep only the phrases which are allowed (sentence length limit)
  //    c) if the set of phrases is empty restart with 1)
  //    d) otherwise use policy to select one of the possible derived phrases as active phrase
  //       the policy has the option to fail (for instance if all derived phrases are terminal and should not be visited again), in this case we restart at 1
  //    ... until phrase is terminal
  // 3) Collect reward and update policy (feedback: state of visited rewards from step 2)
  public class SequentialSearch : SolverBase {
    // only for storing states so that it is not necessary to allocate new state strings whenever we select a follow state using the policy
    private class TreeNode {
      public int randomTries;
      public string phrase;
      public Sequence alternative;
      public TreeNode[] children;

      public TreeNode(string phrase, Sequence alternative) {
        this.alternative = alternative;
        this.phrase = phrase;
      }
    }


    private readonly int maxLen;
    private readonly IProblem problem;
    private readonly Random random;
    private readonly int randomTries;
    private readonly IGrammarPolicy behaviourPolicy;
    private readonly IGrammarPolicy greedyPolicy;
    private TreeNode rootNode;

    private int tries;
    private int maxSearchDepth;

    private string bestPhrase;
    private readonly List<string> stateChain;

    public SequentialSearch(IProblem problem, int maxLen, Random random, int randomTries, IGrammarPolicy behaviourPolicy) {
      this.maxLen = maxLen;
      this.problem = problem;
      this.random = random;
      this.randomTries = randomTries;
      this.behaviourPolicy = behaviourPolicy;
      this.greedyPolicy = new GenericGrammarPolicy(problem, new EpsGreedyPolicy(0.0), false);
      this.stateChain = new List<string>();
    }

    public override void Run(int maxIterations) {
      Reset();

      for (int i = 0; /*!bestQuality.IsAlmost(1.0) && */!Done() && i < maxIterations; i++) {
        var phrase = SampleSentence(problem.Grammar);
        // can fail on the last sentence
        if (phrase.IsTerminal) {
          var sentence = phrase.ToString();
          tries++;
          var quality = problem.Evaluate(sentence) / problem.BestKnownQuality(maxLen);
          if (double.IsNaN(quality)) quality = 0.0;
          Debug.Assert(quality >= 0 && quality <= 1.0);

          if (quality > bestQuality) {
            bestPhrase = sentence;
          }

          OnSolutionEvaluated(sentence, quality);
          DistributeReward(quality);

        }
      }
    }


    private Sequence SampleSentence(IGrammar grammar) {
      Sequence phrase;
      do {
        stateChain.Clear();
        phrase = new Sequence(rootNode.phrase);
      } while (!Done() && !TryCompleteSentence(grammar, ref phrase));
      return phrase;
    }

    private bool TryCompleteSentence(IGrammar g, ref Sequence phrase) {
      if (phrase.Length > maxLen) throw new ArgumentException();
      if (g.MinPhraseLength(phrase) > maxLen) throw new ArgumentException();
      var curDepth = 0;
      var n = rootNode;
      stateChain.Add(n.phrase);

      while (!phrase.IsTerminal) {
        if (n.randomTries < randomTries) {
          n.randomTries++;
          maxSearchDepth = Math.Max(maxSearchDepth, curDepth);
          g.CompleteSentenceRandomly(random, phrase, maxLen);
          return true;
        } else {
          // => select using bandit policy
          // failure means we simply restart
          GenerateFollowStates(n); // creates child nodes for node n

          int selectedChildIdx;
          if (!behaviourPolicy.TrySelect(random, n.phrase, n.children.Select(ch => ch.phrase), out selectedChildIdx)) {
            return false;
          }
          phrase.ReplaceAt(phrase.FirstNonTerminalIndex, 1, n.children[selectedChildIdx].alternative);

          // prepare for next iteration
          n = n.children[selectedChildIdx];
          stateChain.Add(n.phrase);
          curDepth++;
        }
      } // while

      maxSearchDepth = Math.Max(maxSearchDepth, curDepth);
      return true;
    }


    private IEnumerable<string> GenerateFollowStates(TreeNode n) {
      // create children on the first visit
      if (n.children == null) {
        var g = problem.Grammar;
        // tree is only used for easily retrieving the follow-states of a state
        var phrase = new Sequence(n.phrase);
        char nt = phrase.FirstNonTerminal;

        int maxLenOfReplacement = maxLen - (phrase.Length - 1);
        // replacing aAb with maxLen 4 means we can only use alternatives with a minPhraseLen <= 2
        Debug.Assert(maxLenOfReplacement > 0);

        var alts = g.GetAlternatives(nt).Where(alt => g.MinPhraseLength(alt) <= maxLenOfReplacement);

        var children = new TreeNode[alts.Count()];
        int idx = 0;
        foreach (var alt in alts) {
          // var newPhrase = new Sequence(phrase); // clone
          // newPhrase.ReplaceAt(newPhrase.FirstNonTerminalIndex, 1, alt);
          // children[idx++] = new TreeNode(newPhrase.ToString(), alt);

          // since we are not using a sequence later on we might directly transform the current sequence to a string and replace there
          var phraseStr = phrase.ToString();
          var sb = new StringBuilder(phraseStr);
          sb.Remove(phrase.FirstNonTerminalIndex, 1).Insert(phrase.FirstNonTerminalIndex, alt.ToString());
          children[idx++] = new TreeNode(sb.ToString(), alt);
        }
        n.children = children;
      }
      return n.children.Select(ch => ch.phrase);
    }

    private void DistributeReward(double reward) {
      behaviourPolicy.UpdateReward(stateChain, reward);
      greedyPolicy.UpdateReward(stateChain, reward);
    }


    private void Reset() {
      behaviourPolicy.Reset();
      greedyPolicy.Reset();
      maxSearchDepth = 0;
      bestQuality = 0.0;
      tries = 0;
      rootNode = new TreeNode(problem.Grammar.SentenceSymbol.ToString(), new ReadonlySequence("$"));
    }

    public bool Done() {
      int selectedStateIdx;
      return !behaviourPolicy.TrySelect(random, rootNode.phrase, GenerateFollowStates(rootNode), out selectedStateIdx);
    }

    #region introspection
    public void PrintStats() {
      Console.WriteLine("depth: {0,5} tries: {1,5} best phrase {2,50} bestQ {3:F3}", maxSearchDepth, tries, bestPhrase, bestQuality);

      // use behaviour strategy to generate the currently prefered sentence
      var policy = behaviourPolicy;

      var n = rootNode;

      while (n != null) {
        var phrase = n.phrase;
        Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.White;
        Console.WriteLine("{0,-30}", phrase);
        var children = n.children;
        if (children == null || !children.Any()) break;
        var values = children.Select(ch => policy.GetValue(ch.phrase));
        var maxValue = values.Max();
        if (maxValue == 0) maxValue = 1.0;

        // write phrases
        foreach (var ch in children) {
          SetColorForValue(policy.GetValue(ch.phrase) / maxValue);
          Console.Write(" {0,-4}", ch.phrase.Substring(Math.Max(0, ch.phrase.Length - 3), Math.Min(3, ch.phrase.Length)));
        }
        Console.WriteLine();

        // write values
        foreach (var ch in children) {
          SetColorForValue(policy.GetValue(ch.phrase) / maxValue);
          Console.Write(" {0:F2}", policy.GetValue(ch.phrase) * 10.0);
        }
        Console.WriteLine();

        // write tries
        foreach (var ch in children) {
          SetColorForValue(policy.GetValue(ch.phrase) / maxValue);
          Console.Write(" {0,4}", policy.GetTries(ch.phrase));
        }
        Console.WriteLine();
        int selectedChildIdx;
        if (!policy.TrySelect(random, phrase, children.Select(ch => ch.phrase), out selectedChildIdx)) {
          break;
        }
        n = n.children[selectedChildIdx];
      }

      Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.White;
      Console.WriteLine("-------------------");
    }

    private void SetColorForValue(double v) {
      Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleEx.ColorForValue(v);
    }
    #endregion
  
  }
}