source: branches/2389-EpsLexicase/HeuristicLab.ExtLibs/HeuristicLab.NRefactory/5.5.0/NRefactory.CSharp-5.5.0/Parser/mcs/codegen.cs

//
// codegen.cs: The code generator
//
// Authors:
//   Miguel de Icaza (miguel@ximian.com)
//   Marek Safar (marek.safar@gmail.com)
//
// Copyright 2001, 2002, 2003 Ximian, Inc.
// Copyright 2004 Novell, Inc.
// Copyright 2011 Xamarin Inc
//

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using Mono.CompilerServices.SymbolWriter;

#if STATIC
using MetaType = IKVM.Reflection.Type;
using IKVM.Reflection;
using IKVM.Reflection.Emit;
#else
using MetaType = System.Type;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Reflection.Emit;
#endif

namespace Mono.CSharp
{
  /// <summary>
  ///   An Emit Context is created for each body of code (from methods,
  ///   properties bodies, indexer bodies or constructor bodies)
  /// </summary>
  public class EmitContext : BuilderContext
  {
    // TODO: Has to be private
    public readonly ILGenerator ig;

    /// <summary>
    ///   The value that is allowed to be returned or NULL if there is no
    ///   return type.
    /// </summary>
    readonly TypeSpec return_type;

    /// <summary>
    ///   Keeps track of the Type to LocalBuilder temporary storage created
    ///   to store structures (used to compute the address of the structure
    ///   value on structure method invocations)
    /// </summary>
    Dictionary<TypeSpec, object> temporary_storage;

    /// <summary>
    ///   The location where we store the return value.
    /// </summary>
    public LocalBuilder return_value;


    /// <summary>
    ///   Current loop begin and end labels.
    /// </summary>
    public Label LoopBegin, LoopEnd;

    /// <summary>
    ///   Default target in a switch statement.   Only valid if
    ///   InSwitch is true
    /// </summary>
    public Label DefaultTarget;

    /// <summary>
    ///   If this is non-null, points to the current switch statement
    /// </summary>
    public Switch Switch;

    /// <summary>
    ///  Whether we are inside an anonymous method.
    /// </summary>
    public AnonymousExpression CurrentAnonymousMethod;
    
    readonly IMemberContext member_context;

    readonly SourceMethodBuilder methodSymbols;

    DynamicSiteClass dynamic_site_container;

    Label? return_label;

    List<IExpressionCleanup> epilogue_expressions;

    public EmitContext (IMemberContext rc, ILGenerator ig, TypeSpec return_type, SourceMethodBuilder methodSymbols)
    {
      this.member_context = rc;
      this.ig = ig;
      this.return_type = return_type;

      if (rc.Module.Compiler.Settings.Checked)
        flags |= Options.CheckedScope;

      if (methodSymbols != null) {
        this.methodSymbols = methodSymbols;
        if (!rc.Module.Compiler.Settings.Optimize)
          flags |= Options.AccurateDebugInfo;
      } else {
        flags |= Options.OmitDebugInfo;
      }

#if STATIC
      ig.__CleverExceptionBlockAssistance ();
#endif
    }

    #region Properties

    internal AsyncTaskStorey AsyncTaskStorey {
      get {
        return CurrentAnonymousMethod.Storey as AsyncTaskStorey;
      }
    }

    public BuiltinTypes BuiltinTypes {
      get {
        return MemberContext.Module.Compiler.BuiltinTypes;
      }
    }

    public ConditionalAccessContext ConditionalAccess { get; set; }

    public TypeSpec CurrentType {
      get { return member_context.CurrentType; }
    }

    public TypeParameters CurrentTypeParameters {
        get { return member_context.CurrentTypeParameters; }
    }

    public MemberCore CurrentTypeDefinition {
      get { return member_context.CurrentMemberDefinition; }
    }

    public bool EmitAccurateDebugInfo {
      get {
        return (flags & Options.AccurateDebugInfo) != 0;
      }
    }

    public bool HasMethodSymbolBuilder {
      get {
        return methodSymbols != null;
      }
    }

    public bool HasReturnLabel {
      get {
        return return_label.HasValue;
      }
    }

    public bool IsStatic {
      get { return member_context.IsStatic; }
    }

    public bool IsStaticConstructor {
      get {
        return member_context.IsStatic && (flags & Options.ConstructorScope) != 0;
      }
    }

    public bool IsAnonymousStoreyMutateRequired {
      get {
        return CurrentAnonymousMethod != null &&
          CurrentAnonymousMethod.Storey != null &&
          CurrentAnonymousMethod.Storey.Mutator != null;
      }
    }

    public IMemberContext MemberContext {
      get {
        return member_context;
      }
    }

    public ModuleContainer Module {
      get {
        return member_context.Module;
      }
    }

    public bool NotifyEvaluatorOnStore {
      get {
        return Module.Evaluator != null && Module.Evaluator.ModificationListener != null;
      }
    }

    // Has to be used for specific emitter errors only any
    // possible resolver errors have to be reported during Resolve
    public Report Report {
      get {
        return member_context.Module.Compiler.Report;
      }
    }

    public TypeSpec ReturnType {
      get {
        return return_type;
      }
    }

    //
    // The label where we have to jump before leaving the context
    //
    public Label ReturnLabel {
      get {
        return return_label.Value;
      }
    }

    public List<IExpressionCleanup> StatementEpilogue {
      get {
        return epilogue_expressions;
      }
    }

    public LocalVariable AsyncThrowVariable { get; set; }

    public List<TryFinally> TryFinallyUnwind { get; set; }

    #endregion

    public void AddStatementEpilog (IExpressionCleanup cleanupExpression)
    {
      if (epilogue_expressions == null) {
        epilogue_expressions = new List<IExpressionCleanup> ();
      } else if (epilogue_expressions.Contains (cleanupExpression)) {
        return;
      }

      epilogue_expressions.Add (cleanupExpression);
    }

    public void AssertEmptyStack ()
    {
#if STATIC
      if (ig.__StackHeight != 0)
        throw new InternalErrorException ("Await yields with non-empty stack in `{0}",
          member_context.GetSignatureForError ());
#endif
    }

    /// <summary>
    ///   This is called immediately before emitting an IL opcode to tell the symbol
    ///   writer to which source line this opcode belongs.
    /// </summary>
    public bool Mark (Location loc)
    {
      if ((flags & Options.OmitDebugInfo) != 0)
        return false;

      if (loc.IsNull || methodSymbols == null)
        return false;

      var sf = loc.SourceFile;
      if (sf.IsHiddenLocation (loc))
        return false;

#if NET_4_0
      methodSymbols.MarkSequencePoint (ig.ILOffset, sf.SourceFileEntry, loc.Row, loc.Column, false);
#endif
      return true;
    }

    public void MarkCallEntry (Location loc)
    {
      if (!EmitAccurateDebugInfo)
        return;

      //
      // TODO: This should emit different kind of sequence point to make
      // step-over work for statement over multiple lines
      //
      // Debugging experience for Foo (A () + B ()) where A and B are
      // on separate lines is not great
      //
      Mark (loc);
    }

    public void DefineLocalVariable (string name, LocalBuilder builder)
    {
      if ((flags & Options.OmitDebugInfo) != 0)
        return;

      methodSymbols.AddLocal (builder.LocalIndex, name);
    }

    public void BeginCatchBlock (TypeSpec type)
    {
      if (IsAnonymousStoreyMutateRequired)
        type = CurrentAnonymousMethod.Storey.Mutator.Mutate (type);

      ig.BeginCatchBlock (type.GetMetaInfo ());
    }

    public void BeginFilterHandler ()
    {
      ig.BeginCatchBlock (null);
    }

    public void BeginExceptionBlock ()
    {
      ig.BeginExceptionBlock ();
    }

    public void BeginExceptionFilterBlock ()
    {
      ig.BeginExceptFilterBlock ();
    }

    public void BeginFinallyBlock ()
    {
      ig.BeginFinallyBlock ();
    }

    public void BeginScope ()
    {
      if ((flags & Options.OmitDebugInfo) != 0)
        return;

#if NET_4_0
      methodSymbols.StartBlock (CodeBlockEntry.Type.Lexical, ig.ILOffset);
#endif
    }

    public void BeginCompilerScope ()
    {
      if ((flags & Options.OmitDebugInfo) != 0)
        return;

#if NET_4_0
      methodSymbols.StartBlock (CodeBlockEntry.Type.CompilerGenerated, ig.ILOffset);
#endif
    }

    public void EndExceptionBlock ()
    {
      ig.EndExceptionBlock ();
    }

    public void EndScope ()
    {
      if ((flags & Options.OmitDebugInfo) != 0)
        return;

#if NET_4_0
      methodSymbols.EndBlock (ig.ILOffset);
#endif
    }

    public void CloseConditionalAccess (TypeSpec type)
    {
      if (type != null)
        Emit (OpCodes.Newobj, Nullable.NullableInfo.GetConstructor (type));

      MarkLabel (ConditionalAccess.EndLabel);
      ConditionalAccess = null;
    }

    //
    // Creates a nested container in this context for all dynamic compiler generated stuff
    //
    internal DynamicSiteClass CreateDynamicSite ()
    {
      if (dynamic_site_container == null) {
        var mc = member_context.CurrentMemberDefinition as MemberBase;
        dynamic_site_container = new DynamicSiteClass (CurrentTypeDefinition.Parent.PartialContainer, mc, member_context.CurrentTypeParameters);

        CurrentTypeDefinition.Module.AddCompilerGeneratedClass (dynamic_site_container);
        dynamic_site_container.CreateContainer ();
        dynamic_site_container.DefineContainer ();
        dynamic_site_container.Define ();

        var inflator = new TypeParameterInflator (Module, CurrentType, TypeParameterSpec.EmptyTypes, TypeSpec.EmptyTypes);
        var inflated = dynamic_site_container.CurrentType.InflateMember (inflator);
        CurrentType.MemberCache.AddMember (inflated);
      }

      return dynamic_site_container;
    }

    public Label CreateReturnLabel ()
    {
      if (!return_label.HasValue)
        return_label = DefineLabel ();

      return return_label.Value;
    }

    public LocalBuilder DeclareLocal (TypeSpec type, bool pinned)
    {
      if (IsAnonymousStoreyMutateRequired)
        type = CurrentAnonymousMethod.Storey.Mutator.Mutate (type);

      return ig.DeclareLocal (type.GetMetaInfo (), pinned);
    }

    public Label DefineLabel ()
    {
      return ig.DefineLabel ();
    }

    //
    // Creates temporary field in current async storey
    //
    public StackFieldExpr GetTemporaryField (TypeSpec type, bool initializedFieldRequired = false)
    {
      var f = AsyncTaskStorey.AddCapturedLocalVariable (type, initializedFieldRequired);
      var fexpr = new StackFieldExpr (f);
      fexpr.InstanceExpression = new CompilerGeneratedThis (CurrentType, Location.Null);
      return fexpr;
    }

    public void MarkLabel (Label label)
    {
      ig.MarkLabel (label);
    }

    public void Emit (OpCode opcode)
    {
      ig.Emit (opcode);
    }

    public void Emit (OpCode opcode, LocalBuilder local)
    {
      ig.Emit (opcode, local);
    }

    public void Emit (OpCode opcode, string arg)
    {
      ig.Emit (opcode, arg);
    }

    public void Emit (OpCode opcode, double arg)
    {
      ig.Emit (opcode, arg);
    }

    public void Emit (OpCode opcode, float arg)
    {
      ig.Emit (opcode, arg);
    }

    public void Emit (OpCode opcode, Label label)
    {
      ig.Emit (opcode, label);
    }

    public void Emit (OpCode opcode, Label[] labels)
    {
      ig.Emit (opcode, labels);
    }

    public void Emit (OpCode opcode, TypeSpec type)
    {
      if (IsAnonymousStoreyMutateRequired)
        type = CurrentAnonymousMethod.Storey.Mutator.Mutate (type);

      ig.Emit (opcode, type.GetMetaInfo ());
    }

    public void Emit (OpCode opcode, FieldSpec field)
    {
      if (IsAnonymousStoreyMutateRequired)
        field = field.Mutate (CurrentAnonymousMethod.Storey.Mutator);

      ig.Emit (opcode, field.GetMetaInfo ());
    }

    public void Emit (OpCode opcode, MethodSpec method)
    {
      if (IsAnonymousStoreyMutateRequired)
        method = method.Mutate (CurrentAnonymousMethod.Storey.Mutator);

      if (method.IsConstructor)
        ig.Emit (opcode, (ConstructorInfo) method.GetMetaInfo ());
      else
        ig.Emit (opcode, (MethodInfo) method.GetMetaInfo ());
    }

    // TODO: REMOVE breaks mutator
    public void Emit (OpCode opcode, MethodInfo method)
    {
      ig.Emit (opcode, method);
    }

    public void Emit (OpCode opcode, MethodSpec method, MetaType[] vargs)
    {
      // TODO MemberCache: This should mutate too
      ig.EmitCall (opcode, (MethodInfo) method.GetMetaInfo (), vargs);
    }

    public void EmitArrayNew (ArrayContainer ac)
    {
      if (ac.Rank == 1) {
        var type = IsAnonymousStoreyMutateRequired ?
          CurrentAnonymousMethod.Storey.Mutator.Mutate (ac.Element) :
          ac.Element;

        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Newarr, type.GetMetaInfo ());
      } else {
        if (IsAnonymousStoreyMutateRequired)
          ac = (ArrayContainer) ac.Mutate (CurrentAnonymousMethod.Storey.Mutator);

        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Newobj, ac.GetConstructor ());
      }
    }

    public void EmitArrayAddress (ArrayContainer ac)
    {
      if (ac.Rank > 1) {
        if (IsAnonymousStoreyMutateRequired)
          ac = (ArrayContainer) ac.Mutate (CurrentAnonymousMethod.Storey.Mutator);

        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Call, ac.GetAddressMethod ());
      } else {
        var type = IsAnonymousStoreyMutateRequired ?
          CurrentAnonymousMethod.Storey.Mutator.Mutate (ac.Element) :
          ac.Element;

        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldelema, type.GetMetaInfo ());
      }
    }

    //
    // Emits the right opcode to load from an array
    //
    public void EmitArrayLoad (ArrayContainer ac)
    {
      if (ac.Rank > 1) {
        if (IsAnonymousStoreyMutateRequired)
          ac = (ArrayContainer) ac.Mutate (CurrentAnonymousMethod.Storey.Mutator);

        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Call, ac.GetGetMethod ());
        return;
      }


      var type = ac.Element;
      if (type.Kind == MemberKind.Enum)
        type = EnumSpec.GetUnderlyingType (type);

      switch (type.BuiltinType) {
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Bool:
        //
        // Workaround MSIL limitation. Load bool element as single bit,
        // bool array can actually store any byte value
        //
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldelem_U1);
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldc_I4_0);
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Cgt_Un);
        break;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Byte:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldelem_U1);
        break;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.SByte:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldelem_I1);
        break;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Short:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldelem_I2);
        break;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UShort:
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Char:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldelem_U2);
        break;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Int:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldelem_I4);
        break;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UInt:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldelem_U4);
        break;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.ULong:
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Long:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldelem_I8);
        break;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Float:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldelem_R4);
        break;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Double:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldelem_R8);
        break;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.IntPtr:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldelem_I);
        break;
      default:
        switch (type.Kind) {
        case MemberKind.Struct:
          if (IsAnonymousStoreyMutateRequired)
            type = CurrentAnonymousMethod.Storey.Mutator.Mutate (type);

          ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldelema, type.GetMetaInfo ());
          ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldobj, type.GetMetaInfo ());
          break;
        case MemberKind.TypeParameter:
          if (IsAnonymousStoreyMutateRequired)
            type = CurrentAnonymousMethod.Storey.Mutator.Mutate (type);

          ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldelem, type.GetMetaInfo ());
          break;
        case MemberKind.PointerType:
          ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldelem_I);
          break;
        default:
          ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldelem_Ref);
          break;
        }
        break;
      }
    }

    //
    // Emits the right opcode to store to an array
    //
    public void EmitArrayStore (ArrayContainer ac)
    {
      if (ac.Rank > 1) {
        if (IsAnonymousStoreyMutateRequired)
          ac = (ArrayContainer) ac.Mutate (CurrentAnonymousMethod.Storey.Mutator);

        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Call, ac.GetSetMethod ());
        return;
      }

      var type = ac.Element;

      if (type.Kind == MemberKind.Enum)
        type = EnumSpec.GetUnderlyingType (type);

      switch (type.BuiltinType) {
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Byte:
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.SByte:
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Bool:
        Emit (OpCodes.Stelem_I1);
        return;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Short:
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UShort:
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Char:
        Emit (OpCodes.Stelem_I2);
        return;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Int:
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UInt:
        Emit (OpCodes.Stelem_I4);
        return;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Long:
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.ULong:
        Emit (OpCodes.Stelem_I8);
        return;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Float:
        Emit (OpCodes.Stelem_R4);
        return;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Double:
        Emit (OpCodes.Stelem_R8);
        return;
      }

      switch (type.Kind) {
      case MemberKind.Struct:
        Emit (OpCodes.Stobj, type);
        break;
      case MemberKind.TypeParameter:
        Emit (OpCodes.Stelem, type);
        break;
      case MemberKind.PointerType:
        Emit (OpCodes.Stelem_I);
        break;
      default:
        Emit (OpCodes.Stelem_Ref);
        break;
      }
    }

    public void EmitInt (int i)
    {
      EmitIntConstant (i);
    }

    void EmitIntConstant (int i)
    {
      switch (i) {
      case -1:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldc_I4_M1);
        break;

      case 0:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldc_I4_0);
        break;

      case 1:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldc_I4_1);
        break;

      case 2:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldc_I4_2);
        break;

      case 3:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldc_I4_3);
        break;

      case 4:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldc_I4_4);
        break;

      case 5:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldc_I4_5);
        break;

      case 6:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldc_I4_6);
        break;

      case 7:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldc_I4_7);
        break;

      case 8:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldc_I4_8);
        break;

      default:
        if (i >= -128 && i <= 127) {
          ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldc_I4_S, (sbyte) i);
        } else
          ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldc_I4, i);
        break;
      }
    }

    public void EmitLong (long l)
    {
      if (l >= int.MinValue && l <= int.MaxValue) {
        EmitIntConstant (unchecked ((int) l));
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_I8);
      } else if (l >= 0 && l <= uint.MaxValue) {
        EmitIntConstant (unchecked ((int) l));
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Conv_U8);
      } else {
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldc_I8, l);
      }
    }

    //
    // Load the object from the pointer.  
    //
    public void EmitLoadFromPtr (TypeSpec type)
    {
      if (type.Kind == MemberKind.Enum)
        type = EnumSpec.GetUnderlyingType (type);

      switch (type.BuiltinType) {
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Int:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldind_I4);
        break;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UInt:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldind_U4);
        break;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Short:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldind_I2);
        break;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UShort:
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Char:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldind_U2);
        break;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Byte:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldind_U1);
        break;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.SByte:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldind_I1);
        break;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Bool:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldind_I1);
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldc_I4_0);
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Cgt_Un);
        break;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.ULong:
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Long:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldind_I8);
        break;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Float:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldind_R4);
        break;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Double:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldind_R8);
        break;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.IntPtr:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldind_I);
        break;
      default:
        switch (type.Kind) {
        case MemberKind.Struct:
        case MemberKind.TypeParameter:
          if (IsAnonymousStoreyMutateRequired)
            type = CurrentAnonymousMethod.Storey.Mutator.Mutate (type);

          ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldobj, type.GetMetaInfo ());
          break;
        case MemberKind.PointerType:
          ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldind_I);
          break;
        default:
          ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldind_Ref);
          break;
        }
        break;
      }
    }

    public void EmitNull ()
    {
      ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldnull);
    }

    public void EmitArgumentAddress (int pos)
    {
      if (!IsStatic)
        ++pos;

      if (pos > byte.MaxValue)
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldarga, pos);
      else
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldarga_S, (byte) pos);
    }

    public void EmitArgumentLoad (int pos)
    {
      if (!IsStatic)
        ++pos;

      switch (pos) {
      case 0: ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldarg_0); break;
      case 1: ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldarg_1); break;
      case 2: ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldarg_2); break;
      case 3: ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldarg_3); break;
      default:
        if (pos > byte.MaxValue)
          ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldarg, pos);
        else
          ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldarg_S, (byte) pos);
        break;
      }
    }

    public void EmitArgumentStore (int pos)
    {
      if (!IsStatic)
        ++pos;

      if (pos > byte.MaxValue)
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Starg, pos);
      else
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Starg_S, (byte) pos);
    }

    //
    // The stack contains the pointer and the value of type `type'
    //
    public void EmitStoreFromPtr (TypeSpec type)
    {
      if (type.IsEnum)
        type = EnumSpec.GetUnderlyingType (type);

      switch (type.BuiltinType) {
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Int:
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UInt:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Stind_I4);
        return;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Long:
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.ULong:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Stind_I8);
        return;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Char:
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Short:
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.UShort:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Stind_I2);
        return;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Float:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Stind_R4);
        return;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Double:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Stind_R8);
        return;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Byte:
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.SByte:
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.Bool:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Stind_I1);
        return;
      case BuiltinTypeSpec.Type.IntPtr:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Stind_I);
        return;
      }

      switch (type.Kind) {
      case MemberKind.Struct:
      case MemberKind.TypeParameter:
        if (IsAnonymousStoreyMutateRequired)
          type = CurrentAnonymousMethod.Storey.Mutator.Mutate (type);

        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Stobj, type.GetMetaInfo ());
        break;
      default:
        ig.Emit (OpCodes.Stind_Ref);
        break;
      }
    }

    public void EmitThis ()
    {
      ig.Emit (OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
    }

    public void EmitEpilogue ()
    {
      if (epilogue_expressions == null)
        return;

      foreach (var e in epilogue_expressions)
        e.EmitCleanup (this);

      epilogue_expressions = null;
    }

    /// <summary>
    ///   Returns a temporary storage for a variable of type t as 
    ///   a local variable in the current body.
    /// </summary>
    public LocalBuilder GetTemporaryLocal (TypeSpec t)
    {
      if (temporary_storage != null) {
        object o;
        if (temporary_storage.TryGetValue (t, out o)) {
          if (o is Stack<LocalBuilder>) {
            var s = (Stack<LocalBuilder>) o;
            o = s.Count == 0 ? null : s.Pop ();
          } else {
            temporary_storage.Remove (t);
          }
        }
        if (o != null)
          return (LocalBuilder) o;
      }
      return DeclareLocal (t, false);
    }

    public void FreeTemporaryLocal (LocalBuilder b, TypeSpec t)
    {
      if (temporary_storage == null) {
        temporary_storage = new Dictionary<TypeSpec, object> (ReferenceEquality<TypeSpec>.Default);
        temporary_storage.Add (t, b);
        return;
      }
      object o;
      
      if (!temporary_storage.TryGetValue (t, out o)) {
        temporary_storage.Add (t, b);
        return;
      }
      var s = o as Stack<LocalBuilder>;
      if (s == null) {
        s = new Stack<LocalBuilder> ();
        s.Push ((LocalBuilder)o);
        temporary_storage [t] = s;
      }
      s.Push (b);
    }

    /// <summary>
    ///   ReturnValue creates on demand the LocalBuilder for the
    ///   return value from the function.  By default this is not
    ///   used.  This is only required when returns are found inside
    ///   Try or Catch statements.
    ///
    ///   This method is typically invoked from the Emit phase, so
    ///   we allow the creation of a return label if it was not
    ///   requested during the resolution phase.   Could be cleaned
    ///   up, but it would replicate a lot of logic in the Emit phase
    ///   of the code that uses it.
    /// </summary>
    public LocalBuilder TemporaryReturn ()
    {
      if (return_value == null){
        return_value = DeclareLocal (return_type, false);
      }

      return return_value;
    }
  }

  public class ConditionalAccessContext
  {
    public ConditionalAccessContext (TypeSpec type, Label endLabel)
    {
      Type = type;
      EndLabel = endLabel;
    }

    public bool Statement { get; set; }
    public Label EndLabel { get; private set; }
    public TypeSpec Type { get; private set; }
  }

  struct CallEmitter
  {
    public Expression InstanceExpression;

    //
    // When call has to leave an extra copy of all arguments on the stack
    //
    public bool DuplicateArguments;

    //
    // Does not emit InstanceExpression load when InstanceExpressionOnStack
    // is set. Used by compound assignments.
    //
    public bool InstanceExpressionOnStack;

    //
    // Any of arguments contains await expression
    //
    public bool HasAwaitArguments;

    public bool ConditionalAccess;

    //
    // When dealing with await arguments the original arguments are converted
    // into a new set with hoisted stack results
    //
    public Arguments EmittedArguments;

    public void Emit (EmitContext ec, MethodSpec method, Arguments Arguments, Location loc)
    {
      EmitPredefined (ec, method, Arguments, false, loc);
    }

    public void EmitStatement (EmitContext ec, MethodSpec method, Arguments Arguments, Location loc)
    {
      EmitPredefined (ec, method, Arguments, true, loc);
    }

    public void EmitPredefined (EmitContext ec, MethodSpec method, Arguments Arguments, bool statement = false, Location? loc = null)
    {
      Expression instance_copy = null;

      if (!HasAwaitArguments && ec.HasSet (BuilderContext.Options.AsyncBody)) {
        HasAwaitArguments = Arguments != null && Arguments.ContainsEmitWithAwait ();
        if (HasAwaitArguments && InstanceExpressionOnStack) {
          throw new NotSupportedException ();
        }
      }

      OpCode call_op;
      LocalTemporary lt = null;

      if (method.IsStatic) {
        call_op = OpCodes.Call;
      } else {
        call_op = IsVirtualCallRequired (InstanceExpression, method) ? OpCodes.Callvirt : OpCodes.Call;

        if (HasAwaitArguments) {
          instance_copy = InstanceExpression.EmitToField (ec);
          var ie = new InstanceEmitter (instance_copy, IsAddressCall (instance_copy, call_op, method.DeclaringType));

          if (Arguments == null) {
            ie.EmitLoad (ec);
          }
        } else if (!InstanceExpressionOnStack) {
          var ie = new InstanceEmitter (InstanceExpression, IsAddressCall (InstanceExpression, call_op, method.DeclaringType));
          ie.Emit (ec, ConditionalAccess);

          if (DuplicateArguments) {
            ec.Emit (OpCodes.Dup);
            if (Arguments != null && Arguments.Count != 0) {
              lt = new LocalTemporary (ie.GetStackType (ec));
              lt.Store (ec);
              instance_copy = lt;
            }
          }
        }
      }

      if (Arguments != null && !InstanceExpressionOnStack) {
        EmittedArguments = Arguments.Emit (ec, DuplicateArguments, HasAwaitArguments);
        if (EmittedArguments != null) {
          if (instance_copy != null) {
            var ie = new InstanceEmitter (instance_copy, IsAddressCall (instance_copy, call_op, method.DeclaringType));
            ie.Emit (ec, ConditionalAccess);

            if (lt != null)
              lt.Release (ec);
          }

          EmittedArguments.Emit (ec);
        }
      }

      if (call_op == OpCodes.Callvirt && (InstanceExpression.Type.IsGenericParameter || InstanceExpression.Type.IsStructOrEnum)) {
        ec.Emit (OpCodes.Constrained, InstanceExpression.Type);
      }

      if (loc != null) {
        //
        // Emit explicit sequence point for expressions like Foo.Bar () to help debugger to
        // break at right place when LHS expression can be stepped-into
        //
        ec.MarkCallEntry (loc.Value);
      }

      //
      // Set instance expression to actual result expression. When it contains await it can be
      // picked up by caller
      //
      InstanceExpression = instance_copy;

      if (method.Parameters.HasArglist) {
        var varargs_types = GetVarargsTypes (method, Arguments);
        ec.Emit (call_op, method, varargs_types);
      } else {
        //
        // If you have:
        // this.DoFoo ();
        // and DoFoo is not virtual, you can omit the callvirt,
        // because you don't need the null checking behavior.
        //
        ec.Emit (call_op, method);
      }

      // 
      // Pop the return value if there is one and stack should be empty
      //
      if (statement && method.ReturnType.Kind != MemberKind.Void)
        ec.Emit (OpCodes.Pop);
    }

    static MetaType[] GetVarargsTypes (MethodSpec method, Arguments arguments)
    {
      AParametersCollection pd = method.Parameters;

      Argument a = arguments[pd.Count - 1];
      Arglist list = (Arglist) a.Expr;

      return list.ArgumentTypes;
    }

    //
    // Used to decide whether call or callvirt is needed
    //
    static bool IsVirtualCallRequired (Expression instance, MethodSpec method)
    {
      //
      // There are 2 scenarious where we emit callvirt
      //
      // Case 1: A method is virtual and it's not used to call base
      // Case 2: A method instance expression can be null. In this casen callvirt ensures
      // correct NRE exception when the method is called
      //
      var decl_type = method.DeclaringType;
      if (decl_type.IsStruct || decl_type.IsEnum)
        return false;

      if (instance is BaseThis)
        return false;

      //
      // It's non-virtual and will never be null and it can be determined
      // whether it's known value or reference type by verifier
      //
      if (!method.IsVirtual && Expression.IsNeverNull (instance) && !instance.Type.IsGenericParameter)
        return false;

      return true;
    }

    static bool IsAddressCall (Expression instance, OpCode callOpcode, TypeSpec declaringType)
    {
      var instance_type = instance.Type;
      return (instance_type.IsStructOrEnum && (callOpcode == OpCodes.Callvirt || (callOpcode == OpCodes.Call && declaringType.IsStruct))) ||
        instance_type.IsGenericParameter || declaringType.IsNullableType;
    }
  }

  public struct InstanceEmitter
  {
    readonly Expression instance;
    readonly bool addressRequired;

    public InstanceEmitter (Expression instance, bool addressLoad)
    {
      this.instance = instance;
      this.addressRequired = addressLoad;
    }

    public void Emit (EmitContext ec, bool conditionalAccess)
    {
      Label NullOperatorLabel;
      Nullable.Unwrap unwrap;

      if (conditionalAccess && Expression.IsNeverNull (instance))
        conditionalAccess = false;

      if (conditionalAccess) {
        NullOperatorLabel = ec.DefineLabel ();
        unwrap = instance as Nullable.Unwrap;
      } else {
        NullOperatorLabel = new Label ();
        unwrap = null;
      }

      IMemoryLocation instance_address = null;
      bool conditional_access_dup = false;

      if (unwrap != null) {
        unwrap.Store (ec);
        unwrap.EmitCheck (ec);
        ec.Emit (OpCodes.Brtrue_S, NullOperatorLabel);
      } else {
        if (conditionalAccess && addressRequired) {
          //
          // Don't allocate temp variable when instance load is cheap and load and load-address
          // operate on same memory
          //
          instance_address = instance as VariableReference;
          if (instance_address == null)
            instance_address = instance as LocalTemporary;

          if (instance_address == null) {
            EmitLoad (ec);
            ec.Emit (OpCodes.Dup);
            ec.EmitLoadFromPtr (instance.Type);

            conditional_access_dup = true;
          } else {
            instance.Emit (ec);
          }

          if (instance.Type.Kind == MemberKind.TypeParameter)
            ec.Emit (OpCodes.Box, instance.Type);
        } else {
          EmitLoad (ec);

          if (conditionalAccess) {
            conditional_access_dup = !IsInexpensiveLoad ();
            if (conditional_access_dup)
              ec.Emit (OpCodes.Dup);
          }
        }

        if (conditionalAccess) {
          ec.Emit (OpCodes.Brtrue_S, NullOperatorLabel);

          if (conditional_access_dup)
            ec.Emit (OpCodes.Pop);
        }
      }

      if (conditionalAccess) {
        if (!ec.ConditionalAccess.Statement) {
          if (ec.ConditionalAccess.Type.IsNullableType)
            Nullable.LiftedNull.Create (ec.ConditionalAccess.Type, Location.Null).Emit (ec);
          else
            ec.EmitNull ();
        }

        ec.Emit (OpCodes.Br, ec.ConditionalAccess.EndLabel);
        ec.MarkLabel (NullOperatorLabel);

        if (instance_address != null) {
          instance_address.AddressOf (ec, AddressOp.Load);
        } else if (unwrap != null) {
          unwrap.Emit (ec);
          var tmp = ec.GetTemporaryLocal (unwrap.Type);
          ec.Emit (OpCodes.Stloc, tmp);
          ec.Emit (OpCodes.Ldloca, tmp);
          ec.FreeTemporaryLocal (tmp, unwrap.Type);
        } else if (!conditional_access_dup) {
          instance.Emit (ec);
        }
      }
    }

    public void EmitLoad (EmitContext ec)
    {
      var instance_type = instance.Type;

      //
      // Push the instance expression
      //
      if (addressRequired) {
        //
        // If the expression implements IMemoryLocation, then
        // we can optimize and use AddressOf on the
        // return.
        //
        // If not we have to use some temporary storage for
        // it.
        var iml = instance as IMemoryLocation;
        if (iml != null) {
          iml.AddressOf (ec, AddressOp.Load);
        } else {
          LocalTemporary temp = new LocalTemporary (instance_type);
          instance.Emit (ec);
          temp.Store (ec);
          temp.AddressOf (ec, AddressOp.Load);
        }

        return;
      }

      instance.Emit (ec);

      // Only to make verifier happy
      if (RequiresBoxing ())
        ec.Emit (OpCodes.Box, instance_type);
    }

    public TypeSpec GetStackType (EmitContext ec)
    {
      var instance_type = instance.Type;

      if (addressRequired)
        return ReferenceContainer.MakeType (ec.Module, instance_type);

      if (instance_type.IsStructOrEnum)
        return ec.Module.Compiler.BuiltinTypes.Object;

      return instance_type;
    }

    bool RequiresBoxing ()
    {
      var instance_type = instance.Type;
      if (instance_type.IsGenericParameter && !(instance is This) && TypeSpec.IsReferenceType (instance_type))
        return true;

      if (instance_type.IsStructOrEnum)
        return true;

      return false;
    }

    bool IsInexpensiveLoad ()
    {
      if (instance is Constant)
        return instance.IsSideEffectFree;

      if (RequiresBoxing ())
        return false;

      var vr = instance as VariableReference;
      if (vr != null)
        return !vr.IsRef;

      if (instance is LocalTemporary)
        return true;

      var fe = instance as FieldExpr;
      if (fe != null)
        return fe.IsStatic || fe.InstanceExpression is This;

      return false;
    }
  }
}