source: branches/2886_SymRegGrammarEnumeration/Test/GrammarEnumerationTest.cs @ 15861

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using HeuristicLab.Algorithms.DataAnalysis.SymRegGrammarEnumeration;
using HeuristicLab.Algorithms.DataAnalysis.SymRegGrammarEnumeration.GrammarEnumeration;
using HeuristicLab.Common;
using HeuristicLab.Core;
using HeuristicLab.Problems.DataAnalysis;
using HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis;
using HeuristicLab.Random;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;

namespace HeuristicLab.Algorithms.DataAnalysis.MctsSymbolicRegression {
  [TestClass]
  public class MctsSymbolicRegressionTest {
    private const int Seed = 1234;
    private IRandom rand;

    private const double SuccessThreshold = 0.9999999;

    private GrammarEnumerationAlgorithm alg;
    private RegressionProblem problem;

    [TestInitialize]
    public void InitTest() {
      rand = new FastRandom(Seed);

      alg = new GrammarEnumerationAlgorithm();
      problem = new RegressionProblem();
      alg.Problem = problem;
      alg.GuiUpdateInterval = int.MaxValue;
      foreach (IGrammarEnumerationAnalyzer grammarEnumerationAnalyzer in alg.Analyzers) {
        alg.Analyzers.SetItemCheckedState(grammarEnumerationAnalyzer, grammarEnumerationAnalyzer is RSquaredEvaluator);
      }
    }

    [TestCleanup]
    public void Cleanup() {
      if (alg.BestTrainingSentence != null) {
        Console.WriteLine("Training: " + alg.Grammar.ToInfixString(alg.BestTrainingSentence));
      }
    }


    private void EvaluateGrammarEnumeration() {
      // Evaluate results
      var eps = 1.0 - SuccessThreshold;

      // Check if algorithm terminated correctly
      Assert.IsTrue(alg.Results.ContainsKey("Best solution (Training)"), "No training solution returned!");

      // Check resultss
      Assert.AreEqual(1.0, ((IRegressionSolution)alg.Results["Best solution (Training)"].Value).TestRSquared, eps, "Test quality too low!");
    }


    [TestMethod]
    [TestProperty("Goal", "structure search")]
    public void NoConstants_Nguyen1() {
      // x³ + x² + x
      alg.OptimizeConstants = false;
      alg.MaxComplexity = 6;
      alg.Problem.ProblemData = new NguyenFunctionOne(Seed).GenerateRegressionData();

      alg.Start();

      TerminalSymbol constSymbol = alg.Grammar.Const;
      TerminalSymbol varSymbol = alg.Grammar.VarTerminals.First();
      TerminalSymbol mulSymbol = alg.Grammar.Multiplication;
      TerminalSymbol addSymbol = alg.Grammar.Addition;

      SymbolString targetSolution = new SymbolString(new[] {
        constSymbol, varSymbol, varSymbol, varSymbol, mulSymbol, mulSymbol, mulSymbol,
        constSymbol, varSymbol, varSymbol, mulSymbol, mulSymbol, addSymbol,
        constSymbol, varSymbol, mulSymbol, addSymbol,
        constSymbol, addSymbol
      });

      int targetSolutionHash = alg.Grammar.Hasher.CalcHashCode(targetSolution);
      int actualSolutionHash = alg.Grammar.Hasher.CalcHashCode(alg.BestTrainingSentence);

      Assert.IsTrue(alg.DistinctSentencesComplexity.ContainsKey(targetSolutionHash), "Actual solution was not generated!");

      Assert.AreEqual(targetSolutionHash, actualSolutionHash, "Actual solution was not recognized as best one.");

      // Evaluate
      EvaluateGrammarEnumeration();
    }

    // Too "large" target model for now...
    //[TestMethod]
    [TestProperty("Goal", "structure search")]
    public void NoConstants_Nguyen2() {
      // x^4 + x³ + x² + x
      alg.MaxComplexity = 11;
      alg.Problem.ProblemData = new NguyenFunctionTwo(Seed).GenerateRegressionData();

      alg.Start();
      EvaluateGrammarEnumeration();
    }

    // Too "large" target model for now...
    //[TestMethod]
    [TestProperty("Goal", "structure search")]
    public void NoConstants_Nguyen3() {
      // x^5 + x^4 + x^3 + x^2 + x
      alg.MaxComplexity = 32;
      alg.Problem.ProblemData = new NguyenFunctionThree(Seed).GenerateRegressionData();

      alg.Start();

      EvaluateGrammarEnumeration();
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestProperty("Goal", "structure search")]
    public void NoConstants_Nguyen6() {
      // sin(x) + sin(x + x²)
      alg.OptimizeConstants = false;
      alg.MaxComplexity = 4;
      alg.Problem.ProblemData = new NguyenFunctionSix(Seed).GenerateRegressionData();

      alg.Start();

      TerminalSymbol constSymbol = alg.Grammar.Const;
      TerminalSymbol varSymbol = alg.Grammar.VarTerminals.First();
      TerminalSymbol mulSymbol = alg.Grammar.Multiplication;
      TerminalSymbol addSymbol = alg.Grammar.Addition;
      TerminalSymbol sinSymbol = alg.Grammar.Sin;

      // c * sin(c x + c) + c * sin(c * x * x + c * x) + c
      SymbolString targetSolution = new SymbolString(new[] {
        varSymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol, constSymbol, addSymbol, sinSymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol,
        varSymbol, varSymbol, mulSymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol, varSymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol, addSymbol, constSymbol, addSymbol, sinSymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol, addSymbol,
        constSymbol, addSymbol
      });

      int targetSolutionHash = alg.Grammar.Hasher.CalcHashCode(targetSolution);
      int actualSolutionHash = alg.Grammar.Hasher.CalcHashCode(alg.BestTrainingSentence);

      Assert.IsTrue(alg.DistinctSentencesComplexity.ContainsKey(targetSolutionHash), "Actual solution was not generated!");
      Assert.AreEqual(targetSolutionHash, actualSolutionHash, "Actual solution was not recognized as best one.");

      EvaluateGrammarEnumeration();
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestProperty("Goal", "structure search")]
    public void NoConstants_Nguyen9() {
      // sin(x) + sin(y²)    
      alg.OptimizeConstants = false;
      alg.MaxComplexity = 3;
      alg.Problem.ProblemData = new NguyenFunctionNine(Seed).GenerateRegressionData();

      alg.Start();

      TerminalSymbol xSymbol = alg.Grammar.VarTerminals.First(v => v.StringRepresentation == "X");
      TerminalSymbol ySymbol = alg.Grammar.VarTerminals.First(v => v.StringRepresentation == "Y");
      TerminalSymbol constSymbol = alg.Grammar.Const;
      TerminalSymbol mulSymbol = alg.Grammar.Multiplication;
      TerminalSymbol addSymbol = alg.Grammar.Addition;
      TerminalSymbol sinSymbol = alg.Grammar.Sin;

      // c*sin(c*x + c) + c*sin(c*y*y + c) + c
      SymbolString targetSolution = new SymbolString(new[] {
        xSymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol, constSymbol, addSymbol, sinSymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol,
        ySymbol, ySymbol, mulSymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol, constSymbol, addSymbol, sinSymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol, addSymbol,
        constSymbol, addSymbol
      });

      int targetSolutionHash = alg.Grammar.Hasher.CalcHashCode(targetSolution);
      int actualSolutionHash = alg.Grammar.Hasher.CalcHashCode(alg.BestTrainingSentence);

      Assert.IsTrue(alg.DistinctSentencesComplexity.ContainsKey(targetSolutionHash), "Actual solution was not generated!");
      Assert.AreEqual(targetSolutionHash, actualSolutionHash, "Actual solution was not recognized as best one.");

      EvaluateGrammarEnumeration();
    }

    // Too much variables for now...
    //[TestMethod]
    [TestProperty("Goal", "structure search")]
    public void MctsSymbReg_NoConstants_Poly10() {
      alg.MaxComplexity = 10;
      alg.Problem.ProblemData = new PolyTen(Seed).GenerateRegressionData();

      alg.Start();
      EvaluateGrammarEnumeration();
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestProperty("Goal", "structure search")]
    public void NoConstants_Inverse() {
      // x / (log(x)*x + x) 
      alg.OptimizeConstants = false;
      alg.MaxComplexity = 4;

      var x = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(_ => rand.NextDouble() + 1.1).ToList();
      var y = x.Select(xi => xi / (Math.Log(xi) * xi + xi)).ToList();
      alg.Problem.ProblemData = new RegressionProblemData(new Dataset(new List<string>() { "x", "y" }, new List<IList>() { x, y }), "x".ToEnumerable(), "y");

      alg.Start();
      EvaluateGrammarEnumeration();
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestProperty("Goal", "structure search + const op")]
    public void Constants_Nguyen7() {
      // log(x+1) + log(x*x + 1)
      alg.MaxComplexity = 3;
      alg.Problem.ProblemData = new NguyenFunctionSeven().GenerateRegressionData();

      alg.Start();

      TerminalSymbol constSymbol = alg.Grammar.Const;
      TerminalSymbol varSymbol = alg.Grammar.VarTerminals.First();
      TerminalSymbol mulSymbol = alg.Grammar.Multiplication;
      TerminalSymbol addSymbol = alg.Grammar.Addition;
      TerminalSymbol logSymbol = alg.Grammar.Log;

      SymbolString targetSolution = new SymbolString(new[] {
        varSymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol, constSymbol, addSymbol, logSymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol,
        varSymbol, varSymbol, mulSymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol, constSymbol, addSymbol, logSymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol, addSymbol,
        constSymbol, addSymbol
      });

      int targetSolutionHash = alg.Grammar.Hasher.CalcHashCode(targetSolution);
      int actualSolutionHash = alg.Grammar.Hasher.CalcHashCode(alg.BestTrainingSentence);

      Assert.IsTrue(alg.DistinctSentencesComplexity.ContainsKey(targetSolutionHash), "Actual solution was not generated!");
      Assert.AreEqual(targetSolutionHash, actualSolutionHash, "Actual solution was not recognized as best one.");

      // Evaluate
      EvaluateGrammarEnumeration();
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestProperty("Goal", "structure search + const op")]
    public void Constants_Nguyen12() {
      // x*x*x*x - x*x*x + y*y/2 -y
      alg.MaxComplexity = 10;
      alg.Problem.ProblemData = new NguyenFunctionTwelve().GenerateRegressionData();

      alg.Start();

      // Evaluate
      EvaluateGrammarEnumeration();
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestProperty("Goal", "structure search + const op")]
    public void Constants_Keijzer3() {
      // 0.3*x*sin(2*pi*x)
      alg.MaxComplexity = 2;
      alg.Problem.ProblemData = new KeijzerFunctionThree().GenerateRegressionData();

      alg.Start();

      TerminalSymbol constSymbol = alg.Grammar.Const;
      TerminalSymbol varSymbol = alg.Grammar.VarTerminals.First();
      TerminalSymbol mulSymbol = alg.Grammar.Multiplication;
      TerminalSymbol addSymbol = alg.Grammar.Addition;

      SymbolString targetSolution = new SymbolString(new[] {
        constSymbol, varSymbol, mulSymbol, constSymbol, addSymbol, alg.Grammar.Sin,
        varSymbol, mulSymbol,
        constSymbol, mulSymbol,
        constSymbol, addSymbol
      });

      int targetSolutionHash = alg.Grammar.Hasher.CalcHashCode(targetSolution);
      int actualSolutionHash = alg.Grammar.Hasher.CalcHashCode(alg.BestTrainingSentence);

      Assert.IsTrue(alg.DistinctSentencesComplexity.ContainsKey(targetSolutionHash), "Actual solution was not generated!");
      Assert.AreEqual(targetSolutionHash, actualSolutionHash, "Actual solution was not recognized as best one.");

      // Evaluate
      EvaluateGrammarEnumeration();
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestProperty("Goal", "structure search + const op")]
    public void Constants_Keijzer5() {
      // (30*x*z) / ((x - 10)*y*y)
      alg.MaxComplexity = 5;
      alg.Problem.ProblemData = new KeijzerFunctionFive().GenerateRegressionData();

      alg.Start();

      TerminalSymbol constSymbol = alg.Grammar.Const;
      TerminalSymbol xSymbol = alg.Grammar.VarTerminals.First(s => s.StringRepresentation == "X");
      TerminalSymbol ySymbol = alg.Grammar.VarTerminals.First(s => s.StringRepresentation == "Y");
      TerminalSymbol zSymbol = alg.Grammar.VarTerminals.First(s => s.StringRepresentation == "Z");
      TerminalSymbol mulSymbol = alg.Grammar.Multiplication;
      TerminalSymbol addSymbol = alg.Grammar.Addition;
      TerminalSymbol invSymbol = alg.Grammar.Inv;

      // 30 * x * z * 1/(x*y*y - 10*y*y)
      // --> x z * c *     x y * y * c *  y y * c * + c + inv c +
      SymbolString targetSolution = new SymbolString(new[] {
        xSymbol, zSymbol, mulSymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol,
        xSymbol, ySymbol, mulSymbol, ySymbol, mulSymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol,
        ySymbol, ySymbol, mulSymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol, addSymbol, constSymbol, addSymbol, invSymbol,
        constSymbol, addSymbol 
      });

      int targetSolutionHash = alg.Grammar.Hasher.CalcHashCode(targetSolution);
      int actualSolutionHash = alg.Grammar.Hasher.CalcHashCode(alg.BestTrainingSentence);

      Assert.IsTrue(alg.DistinctSentencesComplexity.ContainsKey(targetSolutionHash), "Actual solution was not generated!");

      Assert.AreEqual(targetSolutionHash, actualSolutionHash, "Actual solution was not recognized as best one.");

      // Evaluate
      EvaluateGrammarEnumeration();
    }


    [TestMethod]
    [TestProperty("Goal", "structure search + const op")]
    public void Constants_Keijzer12() {
      // x*x*x*x - x*x*x + y*y/2 - y
      alg.MaxComplexity = 10;
      alg.Problem.ProblemData = new KeijzerFunctionTwelve().GenerateRegressionData();

      alg.Start();

      TerminalSymbol constSymbol = alg.Grammar.Const;
      TerminalSymbol xSymbol = alg.Grammar.VarTerminals.First();
      TerminalSymbol ySymbol = alg.Grammar.VarTerminals.Last();
      TerminalSymbol mulSymbol = alg.Grammar.Multiplication;
      TerminalSymbol addSymbol = alg.Grammar.Addition;

      SymbolString targetSolution = new SymbolString(new[] {
        xSymbol, xSymbol, mulSymbol, xSymbol, mulSymbol, xSymbol, mulSymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol,
        xSymbol, xSymbol, mulSymbol, xSymbol, mulSymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol, addSymbol,
        ySymbol, ySymbol, mulSymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol, addSymbol,
        ySymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol, addSymbol,
        constSymbol, addSymbol 
      });

      var x = alg.Grammar.ToInfixString(targetSolution);

      int targetSolutionHash = alg.Grammar.Hasher.CalcHashCode(targetSolution);
      int actualSolutionHash = alg.Grammar.Hasher.CalcHashCode(alg.BestTrainingSentence);

      Assert.IsTrue(alg.DistinctSentencesComplexity.ContainsKey(targetSolutionHash), "Actual solution was not generated!");
      Assert.AreEqual(targetSolutionHash, actualSolutionHash, "Actual solution was not recognized as best one.");

      // Evaluate
      EvaluateGrammarEnumeration();
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestProperty("Goal", "structure search + const op")]
    public void Constants_Keijzer14() {
      // 8 / (2 + x*x + y*y
      alg.MaxComplexity = 4;
      alg.Problem.ProblemData = new KeijzerFunctionFourteen().GenerateRegressionData();

      alg.Start();
      
      TerminalSymbol constSymbol = alg.Grammar.Const;
      TerminalSymbol xSymbol = alg.Grammar.VarTerminals.First();
      TerminalSymbol ySymbol = alg.Grammar.VarTerminals.Last();
      TerminalSymbol mulSymbol = alg.Grammar.Multiplication;
      TerminalSymbol addSymbol = alg.Grammar.Addition;
      TerminalSymbol divSymbol = alg.Grammar.Inv;

      
      // x x mul c mul y y mul c mul add const add inv const mul const add
      SymbolString targetSolution = new SymbolString(new[] {
        xSymbol, xSymbol, mulSymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol,  
        ySymbol, ySymbol, mulSymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol, addSymbol,
        constSymbol, addSymbol, divSymbol,
        constSymbol, mulSymbol,
        constSymbol, addSymbol
      });

      int targetSolutionHash = alg.Grammar.Hasher.CalcHashCode(targetSolution);
      int actualSolutionHash = alg.Grammar.Hasher.CalcHashCode(alg.BestTrainingSentence);

      Assert.IsTrue(alg.DistinctSentencesComplexity.ContainsKey(targetSolutionHash), "Actual solution was not generated!");
      Assert.AreEqual(targetSolutionHash, actualSolutionHash, "Actual solution was not recognized as best one.");

      // Evaluate
      EvaluateGrammarEnumeration();
    }


    [TestMethod]
    [TestProperty("Goal", "structure search + const op")]
    public void Constants_Keijzer15() {
      // x*x*x / 5 + y*y*y / 2 - y - x
      alg.MaxComplexity = 8;
      alg.Problem.ProblemData = new KeijzerFunctionFifteen().GenerateRegressionData();

      alg.Start();

      TerminalSymbol constSymbol = alg.Grammar.Const;
      TerminalSymbol xSymbol = alg.Grammar.VarTerminals.First();
      TerminalSymbol ySymbol = alg.Grammar.VarTerminals.Last();
      TerminalSymbol mulSymbol = alg.Grammar.Multiplication;
      TerminalSymbol addSymbol = alg.Grammar.Addition;

      // x x * x * const * y y * y * const * + y const * + x const * const +
      SymbolString targetSolution = new SymbolString(new[] {
        xSymbol, xSymbol, mulSymbol, xSymbol, mulSymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol,
        ySymbol, ySymbol, mulSymbol, ySymbol, mulSymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol, addSymbol,
        ySymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol, addSymbol, 
        xSymbol, constSymbol, mulSymbol, addSymbol,
        constSymbol, addSymbol
      });

      int targetSolutionHash = alg.Grammar.Hasher.CalcHashCode(targetSolution);
      int actualSolutionHash = alg.Grammar.Hasher.CalcHashCode(alg.BestTrainingSentence);

      Assert.IsTrue(alg.DistinctSentencesComplexity.ContainsKey(targetSolutionHash), "Actual solution was not generated!");
      Assert.AreEqual(targetSolutionHash, actualSolutionHash, "Actual solution was not recognized as best one.");

      // Evaluate
      EvaluateGrammarEnumeration();
    }




#if false

    [TestMethod]
    [TestProperty("Goal", "structure search")]
    public void MctsSymbReg_NoConstants_15() {
      alg.MaxTreeSize = 5;
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.KeijzerInstanceProvider(Seed);
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("15")));
      alg.Problem.ProblemData = regProblem;

      alg.Start();
      EvaluateGrammarEnumeration();
    }


    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbReg_NoConstants_Nguyen7() {
      // log(x + 1) + log(x² + 1)
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.NguyenInstanceProvider(Seed);
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("F7 ")));
      TestGrammarEnumeration(regProblem);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbReg_NoConstants_Poly10_Part1() {
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.VariousInstanceProvider(Seed);
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("Poly-10")));

      //  Y = X1*X2 + X3*X4 + X5*X6 + X1*X7*X9 + X3*X6*X10
      //  Y' = X1*X2 + X3*X4 + X5*X6
      // simplify problem by changing target
      var ds = ((Dataset)regProblem.Dataset).ToModifiable();
      var ys = ds.GetDoubleValues("Y").ToArray();
      var x1 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X1").ToArray();
      var x2 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X2").ToArray();
      var x3 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X3").ToArray();
      var x4 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X4").ToArray();
      var x5 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X5").ToArray();
      var x6 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X6").ToArray();
      var x7 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X7").ToArray();
      var x8 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X8").ToArray();
      var x9 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X9").ToArray();
      var x10 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X10").ToArray();
      for (int i = 0; i < ys.Length; i++) {
        ys[i] -= x1[i] * x7[i] * x9[i];
        ys[i] -= x3[i] * x6[i] * x10[i];
      }
      ds.ReplaceVariable("Y", ys.ToList());

      var modifiedProblemData = new RegressionProblemData(ds, regProblem.AllowedInputVariables, regProblem.TargetVariable);

      TestGrammarEnumeration(modifiedProblemData);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbReg_NoConstants_Poly10_Part2() {
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.VariousInstanceProvider(Seed);
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("Poly-10")));

      //  Y = X1*X2 + X3*X4 + X5*X6 + X1*X7*X9 + X3*X6*X10
      //  Y' = X1*X7*X9 + X3*X6*X10
      // simplify problem by changing target
      var ds = ((Dataset)regProblem.Dataset).ToModifiable();
      var ys = ds.GetDoubleValues("Y").ToArray();
      var x1 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X1").ToArray();
      var x2 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X2").ToArray();                                           
      var x3 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X3").ToArray();
      var x4 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X4").ToArray();
      var x5 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X5").ToArray();
      var x6 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X6").ToArray();
      var x7 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X7").ToArray();
      var x8 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X8").ToArray();
      var x9 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X9").ToArray();
      var x10 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X10").ToArray();
      for (int i = 0; i < ys.Length; i++) {
        ys[i] -= x1[i] * x2[i];
        ys[i] -= x3[i] * x4[i];
        ys[i] -= x5[i] * x6[i];
      }
      ds.ReplaceVariable("Y", ys.ToList());

      var modifiedProblemData = new RegressionProblemData(ds, regProblem.AllowedInputVariables, regProblem.TargetVariable);

      TestGrammarEnumeration(modifiedProblemData);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbReg_NoConstants_Poly10_Part3() {
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.VariousInstanceProvider(Seed);
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("Poly-10")));

      //  Y = X1*X2 + X3*X4 + X5*X6 + X1*X7*X9 + X3*X6*X10
      //  Y' = X1*X2 + X1*X7*X9
      // simplify problem by changing target
      var ds = ((Dataset)regProblem.Dataset).ToModifiable();
      var ys = ds.GetDoubleValues("Y").ToArray();
      var x1 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X1").ToArray();
      var x2 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X2").ToArray();
      var x3 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X3").ToArray();
      var x4 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X4").ToArray();
      var x5 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X5").ToArray();
      var x6 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X6").ToArray();
      var x7 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X7").ToArray();
      var x8 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X8").ToArray();
      var x9 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X9").ToArray();
      var x10 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X10").ToArray();
      for (int i = 0; i < ys.Length; i++) {
        ys[i] -= x3[i] * x4[i];
        ys[i] -= x5[i] * x6[i];
        ys[i] -= x3[i] * x6[i] * x10[i];
      }
      ds.ReplaceVariable("Y", ys.ToList());

      var modifiedProblemData = new RegressionProblemData(ds, regProblem.AllowedInputVariables, regProblem.TargetVariable);

      TestGrammarEnumeration(modifiedProblemData);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbReg_NoConstants_Poly10_Part4() {
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.VariousInstanceProvider(Seed);
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("Poly-10")));

      //  Y = X1*X2 + X3*X4 + X5*X6 + X1*X7*X9 + X3*X6*X10
      //  Y' = X3*X4 + X5*X6 + X3*X6*X10
      // simplify problem by changing target
      var ds = ((Dataset)regProblem.Dataset).ToModifiable();
      var ys = ds.GetDoubleValues("Y").ToArray();
      var x1 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X1").ToArray();
      var x2 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X2").ToArray();
      var x3 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X3").ToArray();
      var x4 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X4").ToArray();
      var x5 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X5").ToArray();
      var x6 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X6").ToArray();
      var x7 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X7").ToArray();
      var x8 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X8").ToArray();
      var x9 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X9").ToArray();
      var x10 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X10").ToArray();
      for (int i = 0; i < ys.Length; i++) {
        ys[i] -= x1[i] * x2[i];
        ys[i] -= x1[i] * x7[i] * x9[i];
      }
      ds.ReplaceVariable("Y", ys.ToList());
      var modifiedProblemData = new RegressionProblemData(ds, regProblem.AllowedInputVariables, regProblem.TargetVariable);


      TestGrammarEnumeration(modifiedProblemData);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbReg_NoConstants_Poly10_Part5() {
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.VariousInstanceProvider(Seed);
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("Poly-10")));

      //  Y = X1*X2 + X3*X4 + X5*X6 + X1*X7*X9 + X3*X6*X10
      //  Y' = X1*X2 + X3*X4 + X5*X6 + X1*X7*X9
      // simplify problem by changing target
      var ds = ((Dataset)regProblem.Dataset).ToModifiable();
      var ys = ds.GetDoubleValues("Y").ToArray();
      var x1 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X1").ToArray();
      var x2 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X2").ToArray();
      var x3 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X3").ToArray();
      var x4 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X4").ToArray();
      var x5 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X5").ToArray();
      var x6 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X6").ToArray();
      var x7 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X7").ToArray();
      var x8 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X8").ToArray();
      var x9 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X9").ToArray();
      var x10 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X10").ToArray();
      for (int i = 0; i < ys.Length; i++) {
        ys[i] -= x3[i] * x6[i] * x10[i];
      }
      ds.ReplaceVariable("Y", ys.ToList());
      var modifiedProblemData = new RegressionProblemData(ds, regProblem.AllowedInputVariables, regProblem.TargetVariable);


      TestGrammarEnumeration(modifiedProblemData);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbReg_NoConstants_Poly10_Part6() {
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.VariousInstanceProvider(Seed);
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("Poly-10")));

      //  Y = X1*X2 + X3*X4 + X5*X6 + X1*X7*X9 + X3*X6*X10
      //  Y' = X1*X2 + X3*X4 + X5*X6 + X3*X6*X10
      // simplify problem by changing target
      var ds = ((Dataset)regProblem.Dataset).ToModifiable();
      var ys = ds.GetDoubleValues("Y").ToArray();
      var x1 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X1").ToArray();
      var x2 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X2").ToArray();
      var x3 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X3").ToArray();
      var x4 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X4").ToArray();
      var x5 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X5").ToArray();
      var x6 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X6").ToArray();
      var x7 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X7").ToArray();
      var x8 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X8").ToArray();
      var x9 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X9").ToArray();
      var x10 = ds.GetDoubleValues("X10").ToArray();
      for (int i = 0; i < ys.Length; i++) {
        ys[i] -= x1[i] * x7[i] * x9[i];
      }
      ds.ReplaceVariable("Y", ys.ToList());
      var modifiedProblemData = new RegressionProblemData(ds, regProblem.AllowedInputVariables, regProblem.TargetVariable);

      TestGrammarEnumeration(modifiedProblemData);
    }


    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "long")]
    public void MctsSymbReg_NoConstants_Poly10_250rows() {
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.VariousInstanceProvider(Seed);
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("Poly-10")));
      regProblem.TrainingPartition.Start = 0;
      regProblem.TrainingPartition.End = regProblem.Dataset.Rows;
      regProblem.TestPartition.Start = 0;
      regProblem.TestPartition.End = 2;
      TestGrammarEnumeration(regProblem);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "long")]
    public void MctsSymbReg_NoConstants_Poly10_10000rows() {
      // as poly-10 but more rows
      var x1 = Enumerable.Range(0, 10000).Select(_ => rand.NextDouble()).ToList();
      var x2 = Enumerable.Range(0, 10000).Select(_ => rand.NextDouble()).ToList();
      var x3 = Enumerable.Range(0, 10000).Select(_ => rand.NextDouble()).ToList();
      var x4 = Enumerable.Range(0, 10000).Select(_ => rand.NextDouble()).ToList();
      var x5 = Enumerable.Range(0, 10000).Select(_ => rand.NextDouble()).ToList();
      var x6 = Enumerable.Range(0, 10000).Select(_ => rand.NextDouble()).ToList();
      var x7 = Enumerable.Range(0, 10000).Select(_ => rand.NextDouble()).ToList();
      var x8 = Enumerable.Range(0, 10000).Select(_ => rand.NextDouble()).ToList();
      var x9 = Enumerable.Range(0, 10000).Select(_ => rand.NextDouble()).ToList();
      var x10 = Enumerable.Range(0, 10000).Select(_ => rand.NextDouble()).ToList();
      var ys = new List<double>();
      for (int i = 0; i < x1.Count; i++) {
        ys.Add(x1[i] * x2[i] + x3[i] * x4[i] + x5[i] * x6[i] + x1[i] * x7[i] * x9[i] + x3[i] * x6[i] * x10[i]);
      }

      var ds = new Dataset(new string[] { "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "y" },
        new[] { x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8, x9, x10, ys });


      var problemData = new RegressionProblemData(ds, new string[] { "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j" }, "y");

      problemData.TrainingPartition.Start = 0;
      problemData.TrainingPartition.End = problemData.Dataset.Rows;
      problemData.TestPartition.Start = 0;
      problemData.TestPartition.End = 2; // must not be empty


      TestGrammarEnumeration(problemData);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbReg_NoConstants_TwoVars() {

      // y = x1 + x2 + x1*x2 + x1*x2*x2 + x1*x1*x2
      var x1 = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(_ => rand.NextDouble()).ToList();
      var x2 = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(_ => rand.NextDouble()).ToList();
      var ys = x1.Zip(x2, (x1i, x2i) => x1i + x2i + x1i * x2i + x1i * x2i * x2i + x1i * x1i * x2i).ToList();

      var ds = new Dataset(new string[] { "a", "b", "y" }, new[] { x1, x2, ys });
      var problemData = new RegressionProblemData(ds, new string[] { "a", "b" }, "y");

      TestGrammarEnumeration(problemData);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbReg_NoConstants_Misleading() {

      // y = a + baaaaa (the effect of the second term should be very small)
      // the alg will quickly find that a has big effect and will search below a
      // since we prevent a + a... the algorithm must find the correct expression via a + b...
      // however b has a small effect so the branch might not be identified as relevant
      var @as = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(_ => rand.NextDouble()).ToList();
      var bs = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(_ => rand.NextDouble()).ToList();
      var cs = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(_ => rand.NextDouble() * 1.0e-3).ToList();
      var ds = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(_ => rand.NextDouble()).ToList();
      var es = Enumerable.Range(0, 100).Select(_ => rand.NextDouble()).ToList();
      var ys = new double[@as.Count];
      for (int i = 0; i < ys.Length; i++)
        ys[i] = @as[i] + bs[i] + @as[i] * bs[i] * cs[i];

      var dataset = new Dataset(new string[] { "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "y" }, new[] { @as, bs, cs, ds, es, ys.ToList() });

      var problemData = new RegressionProblemData(dataset, new string[] { "a", "b", "c", "d", "e" }, "y");

      TestGrammarEnumeration(problemData);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbRegKeijzer7() {
      // ln(x)
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.KeijzerInstanceProvider(Seed);
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("Keijzer 7 f(")));
      // some Keijzer problem instances have very large test partitions (here we are not concerened about test performance)
      if (regProblem.TestPartition.End - regProblem.TestPartition.Start > 1000) regProblem.TestPartition.End = regProblem.TestPartition.Start + 1000;
      TestGrammarEnumeration(regProblem);
    }

    
    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbRegBenchmarkNguyen5() {
      // sin(x²)cos(x) - 1
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.NguyenInstanceProvider();
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("F5 ")));
      TestGrammarEnumeration(regProblem);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbRegBenchmarkNguyen6() {
      // sin(x) + sin(x + x²)
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.NguyenInstanceProvider();
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("F6 ")));
      TestGrammarEnumeration(regProblem);
    }
    
    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbRegBenchmarkNguyen7() {
      //  log(x + 1) + log(x² + 1)
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.NguyenInstanceProvider(Seed);
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("F7 ")));
      TestGrammarEnumeration(regProblem);
    }
    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbRegBenchmarkNguyen8() {
      // Sqrt(x)
      // = x ^ 0.5
      // = exp(0.5 * log(x))
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.NguyenInstanceProvider(Seed);
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("F8 ")));
      TestGrammarEnumeration(regProblem);
    }
    
    // [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbRegBenchmarkNguyen9() {
      //  sin(x) + sin(y²)
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.NguyenInstanceProvider();
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("F9 ")));
      TestGrammarEnumeration(regProblem);
    }

    // [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbRegBenchmarkNguyen10() {
      // 2sin(x)cos(y)
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.NguyenInstanceProvider();
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("F10 ")));
      TestGrammarEnumeration(regProblem);
    }
    
    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbRegBenchmarkNguyen11() {
      // x ^ y  , x > 0, y > 0   
      // = exp(y * log(x))
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.NguyenInstanceProvider(Seed);
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("F11 ")));
      TestGrammarEnumeration(regProblem);
    }
    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbRegBenchmarkNguyen12() {
      // x^4 - x³ + y²/2 - y
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.NguyenInstanceProvider(Seed);
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("F12 ")));
      TestGrammarEnumeration(regProblem);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "long")]
    public void MctsSymbRegBenchmarkKeijzer5() {
      // (30 * x * z) / ((x - 10)  * y²)
      // = 30 x z / (xy² - y²)
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.KeijzerInstanceProvider(Seed);
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("Keijzer 5 f(")));
      // some Keijzer problem instances have very large test partitions (here we are not concerened about test performance)
      if (regProblem.TestPartition.End - regProblem.TestPartition.Start > 1000) regProblem.TestPartition.End = regProblem.TestPartition.Start + 1000;
      TestGrammarEnumeration(regProblem);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbRegBenchmarkKeijzer6() {
      // Keijzer 6 f(x) = Sum(1 / i) From 1 to X  , x \in [0..120]
      // we can only approximate this
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.KeijzerInstanceProvider(Seed);
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("Keijzer 6 f(")));
      // some Keijzer problem instances have very large test partitions (here we are not concerened about test performance)
      if (regProblem.TestPartition.End - regProblem.TestPartition.Start > 1000) regProblem.TestPartition.End = regProblem.TestPartition.Start + 1000;
      TestGrammarEnumeration(regProblem);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbRegBenchmarkKeijzer8() {
      // sqrt(x)
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.KeijzerInstanceProvider(Seed);
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("Keijzer 8 f(")));
      // some Keijzer problem instances have very large test partitions (here we are not concerened about test performance)
      if (regProblem.TestPartition.End - regProblem.TestPartition.Start > 1000) regProblem.TestPartition.End = regProblem.TestPartition.Start + 1000;
      TestGrammarEnumeration(regProblem);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbRegBenchmarkKeijzer9() {
      // arcsinh(x)  i.e. ln(x + sqrt(x² + 1))
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.KeijzerInstanceProvider(Seed);
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("Keijzer 9 f(")));
      // some Keijzer problem instances have very large test partitions (here we are not concerened about test performance)
      if (regProblem.TestPartition.End - regProblem.TestPartition.Start > 1000) regProblem.TestPartition.End = regProblem.TestPartition.Start + 1000;
      TestGrammarEnumeration(regProblem);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbRegBenchmarkKeijzer11() {
      // xy + sin( (x-1) (y-1) )
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.KeijzerInstanceProvider();
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("Keijzer 11 f(")));
      // some Keijzer problem instances have very large test partitions (here we are not concerened about test performance)
      if (regProblem.TestPartition.End - regProblem.TestPartition.Start > 1000) regProblem.TestPartition.End = regProblem.TestPartition.Start + 1000;
      TestGrammarEnumeration(regProblem);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbRegBenchmarkKeijzer12() {
      // x^4 - x³ + y² / 2 - y,  same as Nguyen 12             
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.KeijzerInstanceProvider(Seed);
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("Keijzer 12 f(")));
      // some Keijzer problem instances have very large test partitions (here we are not concerened about test performance)
      if (regProblem.TestPartition.End - regProblem.TestPartition.Start > 1000) regProblem.TestPartition.End = regProblem.TestPartition.Start + 1000;
      TestGrammarEnumeration(regProblem);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbRegBenchmarkKeijzer14() {
      // 8 / (2 + x² + y²)
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.KeijzerInstanceProvider(Seed);
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("Keijzer 14 f(")));
      // some Keijzer problem instances have very large test partitions (here we are not concerened about test performance)
      if (regProblem.TestPartition.End - regProblem.TestPartition.Start > 1000) regProblem.TestPartition.End = regProblem.TestPartition.Start + 1000;
      TestGrammarEnumeration(regProblem);
    }

    [TestMethod]
    [TestCategory("Algorithms.DataAnalysis")]
    [TestProperty("Time", "short")]
    public void MctsSymbRegBenchmarkKeijzer15() {
      // x³ / 5 + y³ / 2 - y - x
      var provider = new HeuristicLab.Problems.Instances.DataAnalysis.KeijzerInstanceProvider(Seed);
      var regProblem = provider.LoadData(provider.GetDataDescriptors().Single(x => x.Name.Contains("Keijzer 15 f(")));
      // some Keijzer problem instances have very large test partitions (here we are not concerened about test performance)
      if (regProblem.TestPartition.End - regProblem.TestPartition.Start > 1000) regProblem.TestPartition.End = regProblem.TestPartition.Start + 1000;
      TestGrammarEnumeration(regProblem);
    }
#endif
  }
}